关节镜下治疗踝关节软组织撞击综合征

目的 对踝关节软组织撞击综合征的关节镜下诊断和治疗进行初步探讨。方法 对近年来３０例踝关节软组织撞击综合征的关节镜下诊治经验进行总结。术前体检发现肿胀和疼痛以踝前外侧为主２４例,以踝前内侧为主６例在伤后半年～１年进行手术。关节镜下见到不同程度的滑膜增生、肥厚,韧带的撕裂或软骨损伤,均在关节镜下予以切除并清理关节。结果 术后平均随访２年４个月,优７例,良１９例,可４例,优良率８７％。结论 踝关节扭伤     

Talar impingement by the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. A cause of chronic pain in the ankle after inversion sprain

Seven patients who had pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle were found to have a thickened distal fascicle of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. Each patient had a history of an inversion sprain of the ankle followed by chronic pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle. The thickened distal fascicle was resected without loss of stability of the ankle. Five patients needed débridement of an area of abraded hyaline cartilage on the anterolateral aspect of the talus. Six patients were followed for a mean of thirty-nine months (range, twenty-four to fifty-nine months). Four of them had no pain in the ankle or limitation in activities, and two reported marked improvement, with only occasional pain in the ankle related to overuse. A separate distal fascicle of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament is present in most human ankles and can be a cause of talar impingement, abrasion of the articular cartilage, and pain in the anterior aspect of the ankle. Resection of this ligament usually will alleviate the pain caused by the impingement.     

Ankle impingement: combined anterior and posterior impingement syndrome of the ankle

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous anterior and posterior ankle impingement has not been previously reported. We identified 62 patients with both anterior and posterior impingement and report the results of anterior arthroscopic and posterior open treatment. METHODS: Between January, 1990, and December, 2003, 62 consecutive patients with symptoms and signs of both anterior and posterior impingement of the ankle were identified. Fifty-eight recorded a single injury or multiple ankle sprains. The most common mechanism of injury was inversion or plantarflexion. Initial conservative treatment failed in all patients and anterior arthroscopy and open posterior clearance were done. Followup averaged 11.4 months (up to 5 years). All patients showed posttraumatic synovitis at arthroscopy, and 48 had other arthroscopically-detected lesions, such as anterior tibial plafond lesions, ossicles, or soft-tissue impingement. The posterior arthrotomy revealed a bony cause for impingement in all but four patients, usually an os trigonum or a long posterior process of the talus. RESULTS: Three patients had anterolateral tenderness after arthroscopy and three had tenderness of the posterior arthrotomy scar. There were no persistent neurologic complications. Fifty-eight patients were available for followup. Forty-seven (81%) had excellent or good outcomes, nine (15.5%) had fair outcomes, and two (3.5%) were graded as poor. CONCLUSION: Usually, anterior and posterior impingement occur separately; however, there are patients who have symptoms and signs of both anterior and posterior ankle impingement. A single inversion or plantarflexion mechanism of injury may be responsible for this syndrome, although it may also be caused by repetitive inversion injury. Combined anterior arthroscopic and posterior open treatment obtained good results with minimal complications and morbidity.     

Arthroscopic treatment for impingement of the anterolateral soft tissues of the ankle

We treated 52 patients with impingement of the anterolateral soft tissues of the ankle by arthroscopic debridement. All had a history of single or multiple inversion injuries, without instability. One half had negative stress radiographs (stable group), while the others were positive (unstable group). Their mean age was 31 years and there were 35 men and 17 women. The results were assessed at a mean follow-up of 30 months. Three patients (6%) had a fair result, while 49 (94%) had an excellent or good outcome. No difference was found in the final results between the two groups (p > 0.05). We conclude that anterolateral impingement of the ankle should be considered in a patient with chronic anterolateral pain after an injury, regardless of the stability of the ankle.     

Arthroscopic findings in Maisonneuve fractures

Background A Maisonneuve fracture consists of a proximal fibular fracture with associated syndesmotic ligament disruption and injury to the medial ankle structures. The treatment outcome is good in most cases, although poor results have also been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate intra-articular lesions in Maisonneuve fractures. Methods The subjects consisted of four patients (four ankle joints) who had suffered a Maisonneuve fracture and had undergone surgical treatment between June 2005 and November 2005. The mean age was 24. 2 years. At the time of surgery, we performed ankle arthroscopy and determined the presence of tibiofibular syndesmosis disruption, cartilaginous damage, and ligament damage. Lesions of the articular cartilage were graded by depth as determined by inspection and probing. Results All four of the cases had cartilaginous damage to the medial section of the talar dome. Lateral lesions were not observed. Chondral debris and hemarthrosis were noted in virtually all cases, and each ankle had a tear on the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and interosseous tibiofibular ligament. No patients had a tear of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament. Conclusions Arthroscopy was useful in identifying associated intra-articular lesions in Maisonneuve fractures.     

Arthroscopic Grading of Injuries of the Inferior Tibiofibular Syndesmosis

The objective of this study was to describe the technical details of performing a newly developed arthroscopic grading of inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries. Arthroscopy is emerging as the gold standard for evaluating painful, unstable ankles. The inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis contributes substantially to disorders of the ankle. However, no structured grading system exists that would help surgeons evaluate injuries of the syndesmosis. Seventy-eight patients with pain or instability symptoms in the ankle were arthroscopically evaluated for syndesmosis injury. The lesions were graded according to the prospectively developed protocol.More than 61% of the patients had syndesmosis disruptions of various grades affecting the anterior/posterior ligaments or both ligaments. Fourteen patients had anterior ligament disruptions whereas 4 patients had posterior lesions; another 7 patients had both ligaments asymmetrically injured. Eighteen of the 78 patients had symmetric grade 1 lesions, and 5 had grade 2 lesions.More than half of chronic ankle pain cases have syndesmotic lesions. Symmetrical lesions of the anterior and posterior ligaments predominate, followed by isolated anterior ligament disruptions. The proposed grading system for inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis disruptions serves as a guide to systematic documentation of injuries of the syndesmosis.     

Arthroskopie des oberen Sprunggelenks zur Therapie des posttraumatischen Impingementsyndroms Grad I–III nach Scranton

Posttraumatic impingement of the ankle is caused by intra-articular fibrous scars due to an ankle sprain, i.e. inversion or eversion injury, in some cases in combination with an ankle fracture. Pain results typically from dorsiflexion. Either open or arthroscopic treatment of the anterior ankle impingement is possible if conservative treatment remains without success over a period of 3 months. In a retrospective study, the outcome after arthroscopic treatment should be evaluated. Thirty-one patients suffering from an ankle impingement grade I–III (rating according to Scranton and McDermott) were included with arthroscopic treatment on average 49 months ago. The results were good or excellent in 25 cases, fair in five, and poor in one case according to the West Point Ankle Score. The results of our study show that ankle arthroscopy with resection of hypertrophic synovium and fibrous bands in type I or tibial spurs in type II and III injuries after an ankle sprain has proven to be the method of choice for the therapy of chronic impingement syndrome of the ankle. The fair and the poor results were associated with severe ankle sprain leading to ligamentous ruptures or fractures where severe chondral lesions could be found with arthroscopy. The outcome of arthroscopic treatment was, thus, related to the extent of chondral lesions.     

Tri-ligamentous Reconstruction of the Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis: A Minimally Invasive Approach

The distal tibiofibular syndesmosis provides stability to the ankle mortise, and it is composed of the anterior inferior tibiofibular, posterior inferior tibiofibular, interosseous, and inferior transverse tibiofibular ligaments and the interosseous membrane. Subacute or chronic syndesmosis injuries can present after missed diagnosis in the acute period or after failed or inadequate nonoperative management. It can result in chronic ankle pain and progressive degeneration of the ankle. Reconstructive options for chronic syndesmosis disruption include arthroscopic debridement and screw fixation, arthrodesis of the syndesmosis, advancement of the anterior tibiofibular ligament, reconstruction of the interosseous and anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, or tri-ligamentous reconstruction of the syndesmosis. We describe a minimally invasive technique of nearly anatomical reconstruction of the 3 syndesmotic ligaments. The syndesmosis is debrided and reduced under arthroscopic guidance and anatomical reduction of the syndesmosis can be achieved. Although we describe this technique for surgeons to consider, we recognize that a thorough clinical review of the method, complete with objective and subjective clinical outcome measurements, is warranted before widespread use of the technique.     

Excrescent lesion: a diagnosis of lateral talar exostosis in chronically symptomatic sprained ankles.

The excrescent lesion is a symptomatic anterolateral exostosis at the insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament. It is found in patients with chronic ankle pain after inversion injuries. It is most reliably diagnosed by computed tomography scan, but physical examination and oblique radiographs are suggestive in most cases. A technique for surgical excision and, in some cases, repair of the anterior talofibular ligament is described. Five patients having a history of inversion sprains of the ankle, without significant symptomatic improvement for a mean of 21 months after the injury, were evaluated. None had significant instability in the ankle or subtalar joints, clinically or with stress radiographs. The diagnosis of excrescent lesion was confirmed with computed tomography scan in all five patients. Each underwent excision of the exostosis. Removal of the exostosis produced laxity of the anterior talofibular ligament in four of the patients and required an additional modified Brostr?m procedure to tighten the anterior talofibular ligament. Clinical results were evaluated at a mean of 33 months postoperatively, using the Ankle-Hindfoot scale from the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. The three patients without pending claims for Workers' Compensation or related litigation all had excellent results (mean score, 93 points). Two patients with active legal claims had fair and poor results (mean score, 53 points).     

Prospective study of the “ Inside-Out” arthroscopic ankle ligament technique: Preliminary result

Background

Lateral ankle ligament injury is among the most common orthopedic injuries. The objective of this study is to present the preliminary prospective results of treatment using the “Inside-Out” variant of the fully arthroscopic Broström–Gould technique.

Usefulness of oblique axial scan in magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of anterior talofibular ligament in ankle sprain

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the usefulness of the oblique axial scan parallel to the course of the anterior talofibular ligament in magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior talofibular ligament in patients with chronic ankle instability. We evaluated this anterior talofibular ligament view and routine axial magnetic resonance imaging planes of 115 ankles. We diagnosed the grade of the anterior talofibular ligament injury and confirmed full-length views of the anterior talofibular ligament. Associated lesions were also checked. The subjective diagnostic convenience of associated problems was determined. The full-length view of the anterior talofibular ligament was checked in 85 (73.9%) patients in the routine axial view and 112 (97.4%) patients in the anterior talofibular ligament view. The grade of injury increased in the anterior talofibular ligament view in 26 (22.6%) patients compared with the routine axial view. There were 64 associated injuries. The anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, and posterior tibialis tendinitis were more easily diagnosed on the routine axial view than on the anterior talofibular ligament view. An additional anterior talofibular ligament view is useful in the evaluation of the anterior talofibular ligament in patients with chronic ankle instability.     

Concomitant Lateral Ankle and Peroneal Tendon Instability Treated With Simultaneous Arthroscopic Broström and Tendoscopic Superior Peroneal Retinaculum Repair: A Case Report

Chronic lateral ankle instability is a prevalent condition, and it is commonly associated with other foot and ankle injuries. Among the associated injuries, peroneal tendon pathologies and anterolateral ankle impingement are frequently encountered. In this report, a case of concomitant chronic lateral ankle instability and dislocation of the peroneal tendons is described. While this combination of injuries is not uncommon, the method of treatment entailed arthroscopic repair of the anterior talofibular ligament and endoscopic repair of the superior peroneal retinaculum, procedures that eliminated the anterior drawer instability that had been present, and the patient remained symptom free after 24 months of follow-up.     

Tram track lesion of the talar dome.

A distinctive lesion in the articular cartilage of the talar dome in anterior bony impingement syndrome of the ankle joint is reported. During arthroscopic treatment of anterior bony impingement syndrome of the ankle, we found six distinctive articular cartilage lesions in the talar dome. The cartilage lesions were full-thickness defects (grade IV), located in the anterior half of the medial aspect of the talar dome and were longitudinal with variable widths resembling a tram track; thus, "tram track lesion." All six patients were professional or collegiate soccer players and had large osteophytes in the anteromedial ridge of the tibial articular margin. Instability test results were negative. All patients had the typical tenderness in the anteromedial comer of the ankle. Overall, good and excellent results were achieved in five patients at a mean follow-up of 27 months after arthroscopic excision of osteophytes and drilling using K-wires.     

The distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament as a cause of anterolateral ankle impingement: Results of arthroscopic resection

We arthroscopically resected the impinged distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AIT-FL) in 21 patients (mean age 31 (11-68) years, 14 women) with chronic ankle pain after an ankle sprain. Clinical tests revealed moderate laxity in 2 and severe laxity in another 2, the remaining 17 ankles showing only mild laxity. During arthroscopy, an impinging distal fascicle of the AITFL was found in all cases. Following anterolateral synovectomy, the fascicle was excised. At the follow-up after mean 3 (2-4) years, good-to-excellent results were obtained in 17 patients. 19 patients were satisfied with the procedure and 17 patients returned to their previous level of activity. 2 patients who had mild laxity were graded as poor because of neuromas of the terminal branches of the superficial peroneal nerve. These patients became asymptomatic after an injection of steroids.     

The distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament as a cause of anterolateral ankle impingement: Results of arthroscopic resection

We arthroscopically resected the impinged distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AIT-FL) in 21 patients (mean age 31 (11-68) years, 14 women) with chronic ankle pain after an ankle sprain. Clinical tests revealed moderate laxity in 2 and severe laxity in another 2, the remaining 17 ankles showing only mild laxity. During arthroscopy, an impinging distal fascicle of the AITFL was found in all cases. Following anterolateral synovectomy, the fascicle was excised. At the follow-up after mean 3 (2-4) years, good-to-excellent results were obtained in 17 patients. 19 patients were satisfied with the procedure and 17 patients returned to their previous level of activity. 2 patients who had mild laxity were graded as poor because of neuromas of the terminal branches of the superficial peroneal nerve. These patients became asymptomatic after an injection of steroids.     

The distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibio-fibular ligament as a cause of anterolateral ankle impingement: results of arthroscopic resection

We arthroscopically resected the impinged distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AIT-FL) in 21 patients (mean age 31 (11-68) years, 14 women) with chronic ankle pain after an ankle sprain. Clinical tests revealed moderate laxity in 2 and severe laxity in another 2, the remaining 17 ankles showing only mild laxity. During arthroscopy, an impinging distal fascicle of the AITFL was found in all cases. Following anterolateral synovectomy, the fascicle was excised. At the follow-up after mean 3 (2-4) years, good-to-excellent results were obtained in 17 patients. 19 patients were satisfied with the procedure and 17 patients returned to their previous level of activity. 2 patients who had mild laxity were graded as poor because of neuromas of the terminal branches of the superficial peroneal nerve. These patients became asymptomatic after an injection of steroids.     

Arthroscopic anatomy of the posterior ankle ligaments

Purpose: Our objective was to define the arthroscopic anatomy of the posterior ankle ligaments. Type of Study: Anatomic study. Methods: Twenty fresh-frozen feet were dissected in order to examine the morphology of the posterior ankle ligaments and their variations. In addition, arthroscopic examination was performed in 8 feet with standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals. Posterior ligamentous structures were identified and marked with suture. Following arthroscopy, careful dissection was performed and previously marked anatomic structures were identified. Results: At the time of anatomic dissection, the posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament, also called the tibial slip, was found to be a constant structure with varying size and shape, and well evident during arthroscopy due to its oblique course. The deep component of the posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament, also called the transverse ligament, is well defined during arthroscopy. The 2 ligaments not well visualized during arthroscopy are the superficial component of the posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament and the posterior talofibular ligament. Conclusions: These findings should be of interest in interpreting findings encountered during arthroscopic examination of ankle, and when a posterior soft-tissue impingement syndrome must be ruled out.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 4 (April), 2002: pp 353–358     

踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征的关节镜下诊断和治疗

目的 探讨踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征的关节镜下诊断和治疗.方法 对50例临床疑似踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征者行关节镜检查,确诊并行关节镜下清理术者40例.对诊断和治疗结果进行回顾性总结分析.结果 术前确诊率为80%,40例均获随访,随访时间平均18个月.术后优16例,良18例,可6例,优良率85%.结论 踝关节镜对踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征的诊断和治疗有重要价值.     

Posteromedial dislocation of the ankle without fracture

We report the results of treatment in eight patients who had posteromedial dislocation of the ankle without fracture. The ages of seven of the eight patients ranged from twenty-three to thirty-six years. Four patients had increased generalized ligamentous laxity. One-half of the injuries were sustained during athletic competition. The mechanism of injury appeared to be forced inversion of the foot when it was maximally plantar flexed and axially loaded. Five of the eight patients had an open injury, and four of the five patients had an associated injury to the anterolateral neurovascular structures. No patient had an injury to the distal tibiofibular ligaments or to the syndesmosis. The three patients who had a closed dislocation achieved good long-term functional and roentgenographic results after closed reduction and immobilization. The patients who had an open injury that was treated by anatomical repair of the disrupted lateral ligaments at the time of initial débridement also achieved good long-term functional and roentgenographic results. It does not appear to be necessary to repair the deltoid ligament. In one patient who had an open dislocation and in whom the lateral ligaments were not repaired, moderate instability of the ankle resulted and degenerative changes developed in the joint.     

Ultrasound examination of ankle injuries in children

Fourteen children with ankle injuries, an open tibia and fibula physis, and negative radiographs had ultrasonography of their injured ankles. Five had an anterior talofibular ligament injury and five had an anterior tibiofibular ligament injury. Four had normal ultrasound examinations. Only two had a physeal injury, both of which were associated with a ligament injury. Eleven children had only lateral ankle tenderness. Ultrasound of these 11 revealed ligamentous injuries, normal examinations, and the two physeal injuries. Ligamentous injury was not associated with other tenderness patterns.