60岁以上患者完成内镜下十二指肠括约肌切开取石后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术或保留胆囊的前瞻性随机对照研究

背景内镜下十二指肠括约肌切开（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）取石术已是广泛接受的处理胆管结石的方法，但在伴有胆囊结石的老龄患者，是否还需要行胆囊切除尚无定论。方法EST取石术后，将178例年龄〉60岁的胆道结石随机分为2组：择期胆囊切除组（89例）和保留胆囊组（89例），研究的一级终点（primary endpoint）是胆管结石或胆囊病症复发。结果择期胆囊切除组中，有6例发生胆道病症（胆管炎5例、上腹痛1例）；保留胆囊组中，21例再次发生胆道病症，包括胆管结石复发并发胆管炎13例、上腹痛2例、黄疸1例和急性胆囊炎5例（10grank检验，P=0．001）。在5年随访中，择期胆囊切除组和胆囊保留组发生胆道病症的累积概率分别为5．8％（95％CI，2．4％-13．3％）和25．4％（95％cI，17．3％-36．5％）。82例行择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术中，中转开腹手术16例（19．5％）。保留胆囊组患者的死亡人数高于择期胆囊切除组（分别为19例和11例，P=0．123）。结论在EST胆管取石后，胆囊切除术可以降低胆道病症的发生，应该被推荐采纳。     

老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎的诊断与治疗

目的总结老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎的诊断与治疗，以减少并发症，降低死亡率。方法对112例老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果112例患者中有高热l9例（17．0％），黄疸8例（7．1％），右上腹包块11例（9．8％），腹膜炎体征26例（23．2％）；并发急性水肿型胰腺炎11例（9．8％），急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎5例（4．5％），感染性休克6例（5．4％）．112例均手术治疗，术中发现95例急性结石性胆囊炎中胆囊坏疽79例，坏疽并穿孔16例，穿孔者占16．8％；17例急性非结石性胆囊炎中胆囊坏疽8例，坏疽并穿孔9例，穿孔者占52．9％。112例中行胆囊切除术86例，胆囊大部切除术l8例，胆囊切除加胆道探查T管引流术5例，胆囊造瘘术3例。治愈104例（92．9％），死亡8例（7．1％），治愈104例中出现术后并发症9例（8．7％）。病理报告均为急性坏疽性胆囊炎。结论老年人急性坏疽性胆囊炎应尽早诊断，合理处理并存病，应争取在起病后24h内（或入院后的最短时间内）内急诊手术，并选择适当的手术方式。     

术前超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度的预测

目的：评估术前腹部超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度预测的价值。方法：对连续394例腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的难度和术前腹部超声进行前瞻性临床研究。术前超声检查包括胆囊壁厚度、胆囊周围有无积液、胆囊大小、胆总管直径和胆囊结石。腹腔镜胆囊切除术的难易程度是根据中转剖腹手术病例在腹腔镜下解剖胆囊三角和／或剥离胆囊床的最短时间为标准来划分。结果：术前超声对胆囊结石诊断正确率为99．7％。16例（4．1％）中转剖腹前腹腔镜下解剖胆囊三角和／或剥离胆囊床的最短时间为29．3min。超声检查胆囊壁增厚（＞3mm）113例中有99例（87．6％）是LC手术困难的，而胆囊壁小于或等于3mm的281例中只有52例（18．5％）为LC手术困难的，两者差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；所有胆囊周围积液均为LC手术困难，其中有75％还中转剖腹手术；17例胆囊积液中有16例为LC手术困难的（94．1％），20例萎缩性胆囊炎中有18例（90％）在LC手术遇到了困难。结论：术前超声检查中胆囊壁增厚是预测LC手术困难较精确的指标，而胆囊周围积液、胆囊积液、胆囊萎缩对预测LC手术困难都具有较高的特异性和阳性预测值。     

内镜微创保胆取石术后胆囊功能的中长期随访报告

目的观察内镜微创保胆取石术后患者胆囊收缩功能,探讨结石复发率、胆囊壶腹部结石嵌顿术后胆囊壁厚度变化。方法对85例术后1年以上的内镜微创保胆取石术进行随访,B超测量脂肪餐前后胆囊壁厚度和胆囊内有无结石等情况。设定胆囊收缩率≥50％为胆囊收缩功能良好,胆囊收缩率〈50％为胆囊收缩功能差。胆囊壁厚度≥3mm为增厚,〈3mm为正常。术前胆囊壁厚度正常40例（正常组）,其余45例为炎症组。结果胆囊收缩率42％-98％,（67．7±18．9）％,其中胆囊收缩功能良好72例（84．7％）,功能差13例（15．3％）。40例正常组内镜保胆取石术后胆囊颈、体、底厚度正常38例（95．0％）,增厚2例（5．0％）;45例炎症组内镜保胆取石术后胆囊颈、体、底厚度正常34例（75．6％）,增厚11例（24．4％）。正常组术后7-8年结石复发1例,炎症组术后结石复发10例。结论术前胆囊正常为保胆取石手术的最佳选择,胆囊伴炎症、结石嵌顿的患者也可行保胆手术,但要严格适应证,两镜联合取净结石,术后随访。     

小儿胆石症诊断与治疗体会（附25例报告）

目的探讨小儿胆石症的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性总结19年间小儿胆石症25例的临床资料。男19例，女6例；年龄5个月～17岁（平均年龄9．5岁）。胆囊结石13例，胆总管结石9例，肝内胆管结石3例。合并急、慢性胆囊炎17例，其中胆囊积液、积脓5例；急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎3例。除3例（胆囊结石1例和肝内胆管结石2例）经保守治疗症状缓解拒绝手术外，均行手术治疗。手术方式：胆囊切除10例，胆囊切开取石术2例；胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石术7例，单纯胆总．管切开取石2例；肝管切开及肝左外叶切除1例。结果本组22例手术治愈出院，无并发症发生。17例（77．3％）随访1－10年，生长发育良好，仅1例偶有上腹部疼痛。B超检查未发现有残余结石及复发性结石者。结论小儿胆石症缺乏典型症状，对有腹痛和（或）黄疸者首选B超检查，结合腹部X线平片可提高诊断率；诊断确定应行手术治疗，胆囊切除是治疗胆囊结石较好术式，胆总管切开应严格掌握指征。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中胆管损伤分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除中胆管损伤分析李德宁阎玉矿周兆棠段君英１９９３年６月至１９９７年６月我院行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）８５６例，其中发生胆管损伤（ＢＤＩ）５例（０．５８％）。现就损伤的原因和防治体会报告如下：临床资料本组５例均系慢性结石性胆囊炎。男１例，...     

缝扎胆囊三角系膜技术在小切口胆囊切除术的应用

小切口胆囊切除术（Ｍｉｎｉｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ，ＭＣ），由于受到切口的限制，因而安全处理胆囊Ｃａｌｏｔ三角，避免出血和副损伤的技术问题特别突出。我院自１９９２年１月以来在ＭＣ的实践中采用了缝扎处理胆囊三角系膜的方法，获良好效果，介绍如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组采用缝扎处理胆囊三角系膜的患者３０００例，男性７０８例，女性２２９２例，年龄１３～８９岁。急诊手术３８５例（１２．８％），择期手术２６１５例（８７．２％）。诊断：慢性结石性胆囊炎２３２８例，急性结石性胆囊炎３８５例，胆囊息肉１…     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中复杂胆囊的技术对策

随着腹腔镜技术逐步提高，器械不断更新改进，腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）指征已渐放宽，下例情况常常不得不中转开腹：①急性胆囊炎（包括化脓性、坏疽性）三角区水肿；②胆囊因慢性炎症、壁增厚或充满型结石或颈部结石嵌顿；③胆囊管与胆总管汇合部结石嵌顿或伴胆囊积液；④副肝管；⑤胆囊床肝中静脉分支出血；⑥胆囊床毛细胆管胆漏；⑦汇合部分离性损伤。我们共行2万例LC，本文总结其经验体会，就几种复杂的胆囊切除技术对策做简要介绍。     

术前超声检查对腹腔镜胆囊切除术中技术难度及并发症的预测价值

为评估术前超声检查对腹腔镜胆囊切除术中技术难度及并发症的预测价值，对３２８例有症状的胆囊结石患者于腹腔镜胆囊切除（ＬＣ）前１～３天作超声检查，记录胆囊容积、囊壁厚度、囊颈位置、囊内结石活动度、结石最大径和胆囊粘连等６个参数，并据此对手术技术难度作出预测。结果：预测为容易、困难与极难所占比例分别为３８％、４８％及１４％，与术中术者的判定结果相吻合。其中，结石活动度及粘连存在与否均分别与手术难度有显著的相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。由此表明，术前超声检查对腹腔镜胆囊切除术有较大价值，有助于判断术中技术难度。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除150例临床体会

本院自１９９６年６月至２００２年３月共实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopecholecystectomy，LC）１５０例。现就１５０例腹腔镜胆囊切除的临床体会总结如下。临床资料本组男４８例，女１０２例；年龄１０～７６岁。单纯结石性胆囊性１２５例，胆囊结石并胆囊积脓２例，结石性萎缩性胆囊炎８例，胆囊息肉１５例。全部病例无腹部手术史。术中中转开腹胆囊切除３例（占２．０％），其中２例为严重粘连、解剖关系不清，１例为术中大出血。术后大出血１例，胆汁性腹膜炎１例，均重行开腹探查手术处理。本组占同期胆囊切除术的９２％，成功率…     

胆囊壁间结石研究

目的 探讨胆囊壁间结石与胆囊腔内结石的关系。方法 对2009年2月至2009年8月我院普外科实施内镜保胆取石手术的116例胆囊腔内结石合并胆囊壁间结石患者的结石标本与同期171例单纯胆囊腔内结石标本进行对照研究,分析其临床特点并用FT-1R光谱分析和磨碎镜检的方法分析结石。结果116例胆囊腔内结石与胆囊壁间结石结石类型符合率为97.4％,均以胆色素性结石和混合性结石为主。结石磨碎镜检结果显示,116例胆囊腔内结石与胆囊壁间结石中华支睾吸虫卵检出的符合率为98.3％,且胆色素性结石与混合性结石明显高于胆固醇性结石。116例合并胆囊壁间结石的腔内结石标本与171例单纯腔内结石标本结石类型比较结果显示,前者胆色素性结石的比例高于后者,而华支睾吸虫卵检出率两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论胆囊壁间结石主要是胆色素性或混合性结石。胆囊壁间结石与胆囊腔内结石具有同源性。     

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: a clinical survey of 30 surgically treated patients.

Thirty patients with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder (AMG) were operated on between January 1983 and June 1990. They were made up 3.3% of patients who underwent cholecystectomy during the same interval. Of the 30 patients, ages ranged from 22 to 77 years (mean 52.3 years) and the male-to-female ratio was 8:7. Among the macroscopic types, 10 cases of generalized, 12 of segmental (S) and 8 of fundal (F) were noted, and the size of the affected portion in type S (0.8 +/- 0.2 cm, mean +/- SD) was significantly thinner than in other two types (p less than 0.05). Although the main symptom was abdominal pain, the majority of patients with type F had no complaints. Twenty patients (27%) were accompanied by gallstones including cholesterol stones in 60% of cases, and all six cases showing microbes in the bile had gallstones. Only six patients were diagnosed as AMG by preoperative imaging techniques. Other diagnoses comprised 15 of chronic cholecystitis and 3 of suspected gallbladder carcinoma. To identify the expanded Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or ultrasonography of the abdomen were most useful. No preponderant coexistent lesion other than gallstones was noted. Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in gallbladder bile in cases of AMG (2.5 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, mean +/- SD) were significantly lower than in gallbladder carcinoma (p less than 0.01). All the patients were easily treated with cholecystectomy, and 24 patients who have been followed up after surgery are doing well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Long-term follow-up of acute pancreatitis--significance of cholecystectomy for the biliary form]

Of 83 patients with acute pancreatitis it was possible to control 79 of them 5-16 years later, 33 on the basis of case histories and 46 personally. In 43 cases (54.4%) it was pancreatitis caused by gallstones. After an operative procedure, there followed in each case an auspicious progress without recurrence. By the patients who were not operated, there was a recurrence rate of 45.5%. In cases of pancreatitis not caused by gallstones the late progress is marked by a high recurrence and complication rate.     

Morphological studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of hepatolithiasis

Review of 108 patients with hepatolithiasis showed a recent increase of primary intrahepatic gallstones. 55 per cent of cases with hepatolithiasis had their gallstones in the left intrahepatic bile ducts. Clinicopathological study on the resected hepatic specimens of 33 patients revealed numerous intrahepatic periductal glandular formations. Periductal glandular formations were classified into the intramural and extramural glands. The mucous substances which might had been released from the periductal glands seemed to play a role in the formation of stones in combination with bilirubin pigments, cholesterin, bacterial organisms, cellular debris and other bile component. Intrahepatic gallstones and extramural glands were seen in the intrahepatic segment and area ducts. The defunctionalized atrophic hepatic lobe or segment should be resected in order to remove the calculi completely and to prevent the recurrence.     

Midterm follow-up of penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma of the aorta

OBJECTIVE: Most studies on variant forms of aortic dissection--penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma--have focused on the initial presenting episode, with scant follow-up. This investigation provides midterm follow-up of penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma to determine whether the aorta shows healing according to radiography, goes on to dilate, or tends to rupture during later follow-up. METHODS: Forty-five patients with penetrating ulcers (n = 26) or intramural hematomas (n = 19) were treated at our institution. Ten patients with penetrating ulcers were male and 16 were female, and their ages ranged from 54 to 87 years (mean 72 years). Eight patients with intramural hematomas were male and 11 were female, and their ages ranged from 54 to 88 years (mean 74 years). These patients all had symptoms of aortic disease. Patients with incidental imaging findings were not considered. RESULTS: In the group with penetrating ulcers, rupture occurred during the initial admission in 10 (38%) cases, 17 patients (65%) underwent surgery, and 22 patients (85%) survived to hospital discharge. Among those with intramural hematomas, rupture occurred during the initial admission in 5 cases (26%), 7 patients (37%) underwent surgery, and 16 patients (84%) survived to hospital discharge. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 12.5 years (mean 3.4 years). No ischemic vascular complications occurred. Imaging follow-up was available for 26 of the 45 patients. Of these, 19% of lesions showed resolution, 23% had worsened, 39% had progressed to typical dissection, and 19% were unchanged. Six late deaths were known to be caused by rupture. In the group with penetrating ulcers, aortic diameter increased from 4.8 to 5.1 cm during the course of 14 months. In the group with intramural hematomas, aortic diameter increased from 5.3 to 5.9 cm during the course of 21 months. Overall survivals were 80% at 1 year, 73% at 3 years, and 66% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Intramural hematoma and penetrating ulcer are lesions associated with advanced age. Women predominate. Penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma rupture both early and late. Radiographically documented worsening, improvement, or frank dissection may occur with time. Aortic growth does occur (0.2 cm per year for penetrating ulcer and 0.4 cm per year for intramural hematoma). Vascular ischemic complications do not occur. Because of the high early rupture rate, the frequency of radiographic worsening, and the documented occurrence of late rupture, we now recommend surgical replacement of the aorta for these virulent vascular lesions as long as the patient's comorbidities do not preclude surgical intervention.     

Is Routine Cholecystectomy Required During Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass?

Background: Routine cholecystectomy is often performed at the time of gastric bypass for morbid obesity. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence of gallstone formation requiring cholecystectomy following a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP). Methods: 289 LRYGBP were performed between November 1999 and May 2002. 60 patients (21%) who had prior cholecystectomy were excluded. If gallstones were identified by intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS), simultaneous cholecystectomy was performed. Patients without gallstones were prescribed ursodiol for 6 months and scheduled for follow-up with transabdominal ultrasound. Results: During LRYGBP, gallstones were detected in 40 patients using IOUS (14%) and simultaneous cholecystectomy was performed. Of 189 patients with no stones identified by IOUS, 151 patients (80%) had a postoperative ultrasound after 6 months. 39 patients developed gallstones (22%) and 12 developed sludge (8%), as demonstrated by ultrasound at the time of follow-up. 11 patients had gallstone-related symptoms and subsequently underwent cholecystectomy (7%). 106 patients (70%) were gallstone-free at the time of ultrasound follow-up. Ursodiol compliance was found to be significantly lower for patients developing stones than for gallstone-free patients (38.9% vs 58.3%, z =-2.00, P = 0.045). Conclusions: There is a low incidence of symptomatic gallstones requiring cholecystectomy after LRYGBP. Prophylactic ursodiol is protective. Routine IOUS and selective cholecystectomy with close patient follow-up is a rational approach in the era of laparoscopy.     

Is Routine Cholecystectomy Required During Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass?

Background: Routine cholecystectomy is often performed at the time of gastric bypass for morbid obesity.The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of gallstone formation requiring cholecystectomy following a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP). Methods: 289 LRYGBP were performed between November 1999 and May 2002. 60 patients (21%) who had prior cholecystectomy were excluded. If gallstones were identified by intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS), simultaneous cholecystectomy was performed. Patients without gallstones were prescribed ursodiol for 6 months and scheduled for follow-up with transabdominal ultrasound. Results: During LRYGBP, gallstones were detected in 40 patients using IOUS (14%) and simultaneous cholecystectomy was performed. Of 189 patients with no stones identified by IOUS, 151 patients (80%) had a postoperative ultrasound after 6 months. 33 patients developed gallstones (22%) and 12 developed sludge (8%) as demonstrated by ultrasound at the time of follow-up. 11 patients had gallstone-related symptoms and subsequently underwent cholecystectomy (7%). 106 patients (70%) were gallstone-free at the time of ultrasound follow-up. Ursodiol compliance was found to be significantly lower for patients who developed stones than for gallstone-free patients (38.9% vs 58.3%, z =-2.00, P = 0.045). Conclusions: There is a low incidence of symptomatic gallstones requiring cholecystectomy after LRYGBP. Prophylactic ursodiol is protective. Routine IOUS and selective cholecystectomy with close patient follow-up is a rational approach in the era of laparoscopy.     

内镜治疗胆总管残留或复发性结石的应用价值

目的探讨经内镜括约肌切开术(EST)和内镜乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD )治疗胆总管残留和复发性结石的应用价值.方法经EST和EPBD共治疗胆总管结石368例,其中胆囊切除术后残留结石205例,胆道术后复发性结石163例.对于<10mm结石采用EPBD治疗,>11mm采用EST治疗.结果 362例(98.4%)治疗成功. 其中4 6例经内镜治疗后结石自然排出,283例采用网篮或取石球囊取出结石,28例采用碎石网篮碎石后取出,5例经震波碎石后排出.28例经2～3次再次取石后取净.总的并发症发生率3.0% ,其中上消化道出血1例,胆管炎4例,胰腺炎6例.124例术后行胃肠X线钡剂检查,118例胆管内无返流,2例胆道内有积气,4例有钡剂入胆道.结论 EST和EPBD治疗胆道结石具安全、有效、并发症少,是目前治疗胆总管残留或复发性结石的重要手段.     

Acute noncalculous cholecystitis following gastrectomy for gastric cancer--study by ultrasonic examination

In 190 patients who were operated for gastric cancer, incidence of post-operative noncalculous acute cholecystitis was studied. Twenty four patients was diagnosed as postoperative acute cholecystitis mainly by ultrasonic examination. As the sonographic appearance of 24 diagnosed cases, gallbladder distention was observed in 6 cases (25%), a thickened gallbladder wall in 19 cases (79%), intraluminal echoes within the gallbladder in 20 cases (83%) and sonolucent layer around the gallbladder in 14 cases (58%). In many cases clinical symptoms were so mild that without ultrasound they might be dealt with fever of unknown origin. With regard to treatment, conservative therapy by antibiotics was performed in 18 cases and ultrasonically guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in 6 cases. In many cases, sludge demonstrated during the initial stage of acute cholecystitis remained for long period. In 6 cases, intraluminal echoes gradually changed into gallstones. Frequency of postoperative acute cholecystitis was 12.6% (24/190)--Subtotal gastrectomy: 8.4% (11/131), total gastrectomy: 23.0% (11/48) and proximal gastrectomy: 18.2% (2/11). In cases of Appleby operation, incidence was especially high--27.0% (10/37). Acute cholecystitis after gastrectomy for gastric cancer is not so rate complication as considered previously.     

Prophylactic Cholecystectomy with Open Gastric Bypass Operation

Background: There has been controversy regarding prophylactic cholecystectomy with Roux-en Y gastric bypass. The results reported in open cases showed no significant increase in morbidity by the addition of cholecystectomy. A series of open cases were reviewed to evaluate the propriety of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Method: The records of 141 patients undergoing cholecystectomy during open gastric bypass were reviewed, documenting age, ultrasound findings and pathology. Results: Of the 141 cases analyzed, the incidence of gall-bladder pathology was 80%. 24 (17%) of the 141 patients were noted to have gallstones on preoperative ultrasound examination, and 3 (2%) showed polyps. 9 patients (6%) had gallstones at surgery with normal ultrasound. Cholesterolosis was present in 52 cases (37%) and chronic cholecystitis in 25 cases (18%). Conclusion: In view of the high incidence of gall-bladder disease (80%) already present in morbidity obese patients undergoing gastric bypass and the lack of significant morbidity in open surgery with prophylactic cholecystectomy, the addition of prophylactic cholecystectomy appears appropriate.