全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸、上腹部癌症根治术

目的观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对胸、上腹部癌症手术病人循环、苏醒、躁动发生的影响。方法42例择期行胸、上腹部癌症手术的病人随机分为两组:全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅰ组)和单纯全麻组(Ⅱ组),每组21例。分别测定麻醉前、插管后、探查时、术中2 h、拔管后,SBP、DBP及HR的变化及全麻药用量,术毕观察苏醒时间及躁动情况。结果术中监测时段的SBP、DBP、HR、Ⅰ组均较Ⅱ组低且平衡,Ⅰ组插管后心率有减慢趋势,Ⅱ组则无明显变化(P>0.05),Ⅰ组术中SBP、DBP均明显低于术前(P<0.01),拔管后恢复到术前水平,Ⅱ组插管后DBP下降(P<0.05),但术中BP无明显改变,拔管后BP较术前显著升高(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组全麻药用量和术后躁动例数明显低于对照组,而苏醒时间也明显小于对照组。结论全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸、上腹部癌症手术病人循环状态稳定,应激反应小,是一安全可行的麻醉方法。     

不同麻醉方法用于胸科手术患者的效果

目的探讨胸科手术不同麻醉方法的效果。方法择期拟行胸科手术患者90例,性别不限,年龄18～65岁,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法,将患者分为2组(n=45):静吸复合全麻组(Ⅰ组)和全麻联合硬膜外麻醉组(Ⅱ组)。Ⅰ组麻醉诱导后,吸入七氟醚,持续输注丙泊酚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组先采取硬膜外麻醉,麻醉平面稳定后全麻诱导,吸入七氟醚维持麻醉。于术前30 min时、术中10 min时、术后10 min时记录患者的SBP、MAP、DBP、HR、SpO2。术毕记录患者气管导管拔管时间、自主呼吸恢复时间及完全清醒时间,并记录气管导管拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)及20 min(T4)的RSS镇静评分。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中及术后10 min时SBP、MAP、DBP和HR降低,自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间及完全清醒时间显著缩短,T1-4时RSS镇静评分明显升高(P0.05)。结论全麻联合硬膜外麻醉用于胸科手术的效果优于静吸复合麻醉。     

胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉在高血压患者腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的:比较胸段硬膜外复合全身麻醉与全身麻醉在腹腔镜手术中对高血压患者血流动力学的影响.方法:60例原发性高血压患者()均分为硬膜外复合全麻组(Y组)和全麻组(Q组),在腹腔镜下行胆囊切除术.分别记录入室时、诱导后、插管即刻、插管后5分钟、拔管即刻、拔管后5分钟的SBP、DBP、HR.结果:Y组患者各时点的SBP、DBP均显著低于Q组(P＜0.01).结论:硬膜外复合全身麻醉比全身麻醉对患者血流动力学影响要小.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术瑞芬太尼-异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉与地氟醚静吸复合麻醉效果的比较

目的比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparascopic cholecystectomy，LC）瑞芬太尼-异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉与静吸复合麻醉的临床效果。方法择期LC手术40例，随机分为对照组和实验组，每组20例。麻醉维持，对照组用10%地氟醚吸入，实验组按异丙酚6 mg/（kg.h）和瑞芬太尼0.5μg/（kg.min）的速度用微量泵输入。记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、气腹前（T1）和气腹后10min（T2），气腹毕（T3），术毕（T4）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SPO2）、呼之睁眼时间，拔管时间，清醒程度及不良反应。结果对照组T2、T3、T4时HR、T2时SBP及DBP均显著高于T0时基础值（P〈0.05），实验组各时点指标无明显变化；两组比较对照组T2、T3、T4时HR、SBP及T2、T3时DBP均明显高于实验组（P〈0.05）；两组患者拔管时间，清醒程度均无显著性差异；实验组镇静评分（OAAS评分）明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）；实验组的术后恶心呕吐发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论与常规静吸复合麻醉下行LC比较，异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉围术期麻醉更平稳，并发症较少。     

丙泊酚靶控加单次硬膜外麻醉在儿外手术中的应用

目的观察儿外手术中应用丙泊酚靶控麻醉复合单次硬膜外麻醉的过程，并与氯胺酮全麻相比较，评价丙泊酚靶控加单次硬膜外麻醉应用于儿外手术的临床效果及安全性。方法选择拟施手术年龄2～12岁的患儿42例，随机分为两组：K组（n=21）为氯胺酮组，P组（n=21）为单次硬膜外加丙泊酚靶控输注组，观察两组基础麻醉后入室时R、切皮时T0、结束时T2各时点患儿收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）及术中肢动挣扎、肌松满意度、苏醒时间、苏醒延迟等指标。结果K组SBP、DBP、HR在T1、T2与T0相比均显著升高（P〈0．05），P组SBP、DBP无明显改变，但在T1、T2均较K组低（P〈0．05），P组HR在T1、T2较T0降低（P〈0．05），较K组同时点显著降低（P〈0．01）。P组肢动挣扎例数明显少于K组（P〈0．01），肌松满意度好于K组（P〈0．05），苏醒时间明显缩短（P〈0．01），苏醒延迟等指标明显少于K组（P〈0．01）。结论单次硬膜外加丙泊酚靶控用于儿外手术麻醉对呼吸循环影响较小，具有麻醉效果好、术后苏醒快、安全可靠的特点。     

不同麻醉方法对腹腔镜手术患者应激反应和循环功能的影响

目的：观察比较全麻和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者应激反应和循环功能的影响。方法：28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）患者随机分为全麻组（G组）和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组（GE组），监测气腹前后HR、SBP、DBP、MAP、血浆肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、血糖、皮质醇浓度及血气分析变化。结果：两组HR、SBP、MAP均有不同程度的升高，G组较GE组显著；G组E、GE、血糖均显著升高，GE组无显著变化，两组间差异有统计学意义；两组皮质醇均显著升高，组间差异有统计学意义；两组气腹后均出现PaCO2升高，pH降低，差异无统计学意义。结论：LC手术中全麻复合硬膜外麻醉引起的应激反应轻，对循环功能影响小。     

不同处理方法对全麻手术病人气管拔管应激反应的影响

目的探讨不同处理方法对全麻病人术后气管拔管应激反应的影响。方法44例气管插管全麻下手术病人,随机分为四组(n=11):对照组(N组)、可乐定组(K组)、硬膜外组(EP组)、可乐定复合硬膜外组(KEP组)。除K组和KEP组病人分别于麻醉前60min口服可乐定5 uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuug/kg外,四组病人其它麻醉前用药相同;分别在麻醉前、拔管前、拔管后1、2、5、10 min经桡动脉采集动脉血7 ml, 测定血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇、血糖、血乳酸浓度,并做血气分析,同时记录以上各时点的血液动力学参数。结果与拔管前比较,N组、EP组拔管后1min HR、SBP、DBP升高,拔管后2 min SBP、DBP仍较高;与N组比较,K、EP、KEP组病人拔管后1 min肾上腺素、NE、皮质醇水平均较低, 拔管后2、5min K组、KEP组血浆激素水平较低,K组、KEP组拔管前、拔管后1、2min血乳酸水平较低, 拔管后1、2min血糖水平较低,K组、KEP组拔管后1、2 min HR、SBP、DBP较低(P<0.05或0.01)。与N组比较,K、EP、KEP组病人拔管后1 min血肾上腺素、NE、皮质醇水平均较低,拔管后2、5 min K组、KEP组血浆激素水平较低(P<0.05或0.01)。与N组比较,K组、KEP组拔管前、拔管后1、2min血乳酸升高程度较低;拔管后1、2min血糖升高程度较低(P<0.05或0.01)。N组、EP组拔管后1 min HR、SBP、DBP比拔管前升高,拔管后2 min SBP、DBP仍较高;K组、KEP组拔管后1、2min HR、SBP、DBP较N 组低(P<0.05或0.01)。结论全麻病人麻醉前服用可乐定或拔管时复合硬膜外给药能明显减轻气管拔管引起的应激反应。     

两种麻醉方法对妇科腹腔镜手术患者应激反应的影响

目的:观察两种麻醉方法对妇科腹腔镜手术患者应激反应的影响。方法:选择行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者30例,随机分为2组:硬膜外麻醉组(EA组)和全麻组(GA组)各15例,于麻醉前10min(T0)、气腹后5min(T1)、气腹后25min(T2)和术后10min(T3)4个时点采集静脉血测定血糖(glucose,GLU)、皮质醇(cortisone,COR)和儿茶酚胺(catecholamine,CA)的浓度,并观察SBP、DBP、HR、PETCO2及SpO2的变化。结果:与T0相比,GA组T1、T2时SBP、DBP、HR、GLU、COR和CA明显升高(P0.05);组间相比,EA组术中、术后各时点SBP、DBP、HR、GLU、COR和CA显著低于GA组(P0.05)。结论:硬膜外麻醉复合丙泊酚静注的镇静和镇痛效果满意,能有效调控妇科腹腔镜手术患者的应激反应。     

右美托咪定对声带息肉摘除术后苏醒期的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定用于支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术后苏醒期患者的心血管反应和麻醉恢复的影响。方法择期全麻声带息肉患者40例,年龄28～60岁之间,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为右美托咪定组（Ⅰ组）和生理盐水对照组（Ⅱ组）。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组麻醉诱导前15分钟分别静脉泵入0.5μg/kg右美托咪定和生理盐水（泵注时间为15分钟）。输注完毕快诱插管。两组均以异丙酚、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。术后观察记录患者术毕（T1）、清醒吸痰时（T2）、气管拔管即刻（T3）的SBP、DBP、HR。记录拔管期的质量评分以及拔除气管导管的时间。结果与T1时比较,T2、T3时Ⅱ组患者SBP、DBP明显升高,HR显著增快（P〈0.05）。T2、T3时Ⅰ组SBP、明显低于Ⅱ组,HR明显慢于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。Ⅰ组拔管质量评分明显低于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。Ⅰ组拔除气管导管的时间比Ⅱ组有所增长,但无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定能提高支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术拔管期的苏醒质量,有利于患者的恢复。     

硬膜外麻醉在小儿腹腔镜手术中的应用研究

目的:探讨硬膜外麻醉用于小儿腹腔镜下腹部手术的可行性、安全性和实用性。方法:选择4~10岁ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级腹腔镜下行阑尾切除、疝囊腹壁内环口高位结扎术患儿60例,随机分为两组。A组30例,常规气管插管氯胺酮复合咪唑安定静脉全麻。B组30例,基础麻醉后行连续硬膜外麻醉,常规紧闭面罩给氧、辅助呼吸;术中连续监测HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2、PETCO2。结果:两组患儿术中安静、麻醉满意、肌松良好。气腹后HR、SBP、DBP、PETCO2均高于气腹前(P<0.05),但尚在正常范围,组间比较无明显差异(P>0.05),放气后10m in上述参数恢复至气腹前水平。两组SpO2为98%~100%,无差异。苏醒时间A组明显长于B组(P<0.05)。结论:连续硬膜外麻醉用于手术时间较短的腹腔镜小儿下腹部手术效果确切,对呼吸循环的影响轻,术毕苏醒快,是可行的麻醉方法。     

Narcotrend监测下硬膜外阻滞复合全麻在老年病人腹部手术中的应用

目的比较Narcotrend监测下硬膜外阻滞复合全麻和单纯全麻用于老年病人腹部手术的临床效果,探讨老年腹部手术病人更安全合理的麻醉方式。方法 40例ASAⅡ～Ⅲ择期行腹部手术的老年病人,随机分为硬膜外阻滞复合全麻组(EGA)和单纯全麻组(GA),每组20例。两组全麻诱导用药为舒芬太尼0.4μg/kg、顺苯磺阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg,气管插管后微泵持续输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼及间断静注顺苯磺阿曲库铵维持麻醉,术中行Narcotrend监测并使Narcotrend分级(NTS)维持在D0～D2之间。EGA组全麻诱导前先行硬膜外穿刺置管,注入试验剂量1.3%利多卡因3 ml,气管插管后硬膜外追加1.3%利多卡因6～8 ml,再以0.375%罗哌卡因5～8 ml/次维持硬膜外阻滞。术中监测血流动力学变化,术毕记录两组病人全麻维持用药量和病人睁眼时间、拔管时间及定位功能恢复时间等。结果 EGA组术中收缩压低于GA组(P<0.05);术中麻醉用药比较,EGA组丙泊酚及顺苯磺阿曲库铵用量少于GA组(P<0.05),EGA组瑞芬太尼用量明显少于GA组(P<0.01);恢复时间比较,EGA组病人睁眼时间、拔管时间、定位功能恢复时间均明显短于GA组(P<0.01);两组病人均无术中知晓发生。结论硬膜外阻滞复合全麻用于老年病人腹部手术血流动力学稳定,全麻药用量减少,病人恢复较快,是一种安全可行的麻醉方法,同时进行麻醉深度监测,有利于预防术中知晓。     

Combined use of neuraxial and general anesthesia during major abdominal procedures in neonates and infants

With the advent of ultrasound and improvements in equipment, the applications of regional anesthesia in the pediatric population have continued to expand. Although frequently used for postoperative analgesia or as a means of avoiding general anesthesia in patients with comorbid conditions, the adjunctive use of regional anesthesia during general anesthesia may effectively decrease the intraoperative requirements for intravenous and volatile agents, thereby providing a more rapid awakening and earlier tracheal extubation. More recently, the limitation of the requirements for volatile and other anesthetic agents may be desirable, given concerns regarding the potential impact of these agents on neurocognitive outcome in neonates and infants. Several authors have demonstrated the potential utility of combining a neuraxial technique (spinal or epidural anesthesia) with general anesthesia in neonates and infants undergoing intraabdominal procedures. We review the literature regarding the combined use of neuraxial and general anesthesia in neonates and infants during major abdominal surgery, discuss its potential applications in this population, and review the techniques of such practice.     

Regional versus general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients: The need for a clinical trial

Regional anesthesia is often preferred over general anesthesia for patients with cardiovascular disease because of presumed decreased risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. However, few studies have addressed this issue directly. To determine whether the type of anesthesia is independently associated with myocardial ischemia, records of 134 patients undergoing peripheral vascular grafting under general or regional anesthesia were examined. There were no significant differences preoperatively between groups in ASA class, age, sex, or prevalence of angina, diabetes, or hypertension. Twelve patients developed myocardial ischemia or infarction within 7 days of operation; 11 of these 12 patients had received regional anesthesia (p < 0.015). The association between anesthetic approach and perioperative myocardial ischemia or infarction remained after adjustment for preoperative factors associated with ischemia or with type of anesthesia. General anesthesia does not appear to be associated with increased risk of myocardial ischemia, and stringent recommendations to avoid it in this population may be unfounded. A clinical trial is needed to define more clearly the risks and benefits of different types of anesthesia in high-risk patients.     

腰-硬联合阻滞复合浅全麻在妇科腹腔镜手术的临床应用研究

目的:探讨腰-硬联合阻滞(combined spinal epidural anesthesia,CSEA)技术辅以静脉浅全麻在妇科腹腔镜手术中的临床麻醉效果及安全性。方法:在腰-硬联合阻滞后分别予以力月西、杜氟合剂、异丙酚辅助麻醉施行腹腔镜妇科手术;回顾分析269例妇科腹腔镜手术的临床麻醉数据,进行统计分析,分析其麻醉效果、副作用。结果:术中麻醉效果良好,镇静充分,DBP、SBP、HR指标在CSEA后10min内有变化但平稳(P>0.05),均在正常范围;CO2气腹后10min与气腹前比较,HR增快,有统计学意义(P<0.05),RR加快、PETCO2升高,有统计学意义(P<0.01),两者变化最为显著,但仍可维持在正常范围,而SpO2变化幅度不显著(P>0.05),在气腹30min后,各项指标均有所改善,排气后10min各项指标与气腹前比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),269例患者均顺利完成妇科腹腔镜手术,无一例发生麻醉并发症及意外。结论:在妇科腹腔镜手术中,应用腰-硬联合阻滞辅以静脉浅全麻,在强化麻醉管理、充分吸氧的前提下能很好的控制血流动力学和呼吸功能的变化而维持正常的生命体征,麻醉效果良好,可在选择适应证的前提下推广应用。     

Changes in rapidly extracted auditory evoked potentials during tracheal intubation

BACKGROUND: One of the problems encountered in assessment of the hypnotic level during anesthesia is the extraction of a consistent and reliable measure online and close to real time. Hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure are not, at least with the traditional single parameter versus time presentation, adequate for ensuring an optimal level of anesthesia, especially when using neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA). In the literature, it has been demonstrated that auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are able to provide two aspects relevant to determining level of anesthesia: firstly, they have identifiable anatomical significance and, secondly, their characteristics reflect the way the brain perceives a stimulus. METHODS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the AEP index based on a system identification model, the autoregressive model with exogenous input (ARX-model), and to compare it to the classical method, the moving time average (MTA). The ARX enables the extraction within 15-25 sweeps, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), whereas MTA typically needs 250-500 sweeps. The hypothesis of the present study was that since the ARX-model extracts the AEP faster than the MTA-model, the former should be able to detect changes during the brief, intense stimulus of endotracheal intubation. Twelve female patients scheduled for gynecological surgery were included in the study. Anesthesia was initiated with thiopentone and maintained with isoflurane and alfentanil. The AEP was mapped into an index (AEP-index) normalized to 100 when the individual was awake and decreasing to an average of 25 during thiopentone induced anaesthesia. The results were compared to those obtained by MTA-extracted AEP. RESULTS: During tracheal intubation 9 patients showed an increase in the ARX-extracted AEP-index larger than 15, and 6 of these patients showed an increase larger than 25 (mean increase=33, SD=18). The MTA-extracted AEP-index showed only one patient with an increase larger than 15. The ARX-extracted AEP changed significantly faster than the MTA-extracted AEP. CONCLUSION: The ARX-extracted AEP-index increases during tracheal intubation. There is a significant difference between the ARX-extracted AEP and the traditional MTA-extracted AEP, in terms of response time. In order to trace short-lasting changes in the hypnotic level by AEP, the AEP should be extracted by a method with a fast response such as the ARX-model.     

Regional versus general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients: the need for a clinical trial

Regional anesthesia is often preferred over general anesthesia for patients with cardiovascular disease because of presumed decreased risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. However, few studies have addressed this issue directly. To determine whether the type of anesthesia is independently associated with myocardial ischemia, records of 134 patients undergoing peripheral vascular grafting under general or regional anesthesia were examined. There were no significant differences preoperatively between groups in ASA class, age, sex, or prevalence of angina, diabetes, or hypertension. Twelve patients developed myocardial ischemia or infarction within 7 days of operation; 11 of these 12 patients had received regional anesthesia (p < 0.015). The association between anesthetic approach and perioperative myocardial ischemia or infarction remained after adjustment for preoperative factors associated with ischemia or with type of anesthesia. General anesthesia does not appear to be associated with increased risk of myocardial ischemia, and stringent recommendations to avoid it in this population may be unfounded. A clinical trial is needed to define more clearly the risks and benefits of different types of anesthesia in high-risk patients.