颈椎Modic改变影响因素及其临床意义的研究进展

颈椎Modic改变即颈椎间盘软骨终板及终板下骨髓在MRI不同加权像下的异常信号改变。颈椎Modic的发生受众多因素影响，颈椎间盘的退变程度是目前被多数学者认可的与颈椎Modic改变相关性最高的影响因素，其他因素如性别、年龄及颈痛等与颈椎Modic改变是否存在相关性仍有争议。颈椎Modic改变可能是降低非手术治疗疗效的危险因素之一。术前是否存在颈椎Modic改变可能对手术结果无明显影响，但对术后早期植骨融合率、有症状ASD的发生及术后轴性症状的出现可能产生影响。     

兔血体外放置对其血液流变学指标的影响

目的：研究家兔血液流变学指标随体外放置时间的变化。结果：正常与休克家兔的血液流变学指标随体外放置时间均有显著变化,但它们的变化特点存在明显差异,结论：血液流变学指标随体外放置时间而变化,而且其变化过程与机体的生理病理状态相关。     

Revisions and Refinements of the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia in DSM‐5

The DSM‐5 changes to the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia reflect modest incremental changes. The two most substantial changes, the elimination of subtypes and de‐emphasis of Schneiderian First‐Rank Symptoms, are a significant departure from long‐standing approaches to conceptualizing and defining schizophrenia, but are unlikely to have an appreciable impact on caseness or clinical management. Several minor modifications to the diagnosis are generally useful additions that will likely enhance diagnostic precision. The two most controversial changes that were considered, the addition of dimensional ratings and attenuated psychosis syndrome, were ultimately placed in the third section of DSM‐5 for further research and consideration. In sum, the changes demonstrate increased precision of diagnosis, with minimal changes in caseness.     

Spinal expression of mRNA for immediate early genes in a model of chronic pain

We have used a partial nerve ligation model of chronic pain to investigate if there are changes in the expression of mRNA for several immediate early genes (IEG) that correlate in time with the initial adaptive behavioural changes and with development of allodynia in this model. The animals were inspected for typical changes in posture, and mechanical allodynia was evaluated using von Frey filaments. Expression of three of the immediate early genes examined, c-fos, NGFI-A and jun B, was transiently increased in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord following the partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. The time course and extent of these changes were similar to those reported for acute noxious stimuli. c-jun mRNA expression was significantly enhanced, after a delay of more than 12 h, and then remained elevated over the entire studied period of 4 weeks. These changes occurred only in the ventral horn, particularly in lamina IX. Except for c-jun mRNA, all changes were transient despite behavioural evidence for continuing allodynia. These results from the partial nerve ligation model, when compared with results obtained using other models of acute or chronic nerve injury, suggest that the immediate early genes we have examined are not sufficient to explain the transition to chronic pain states. The results also show that in this model of chronic pain there are prolonged adaptive changes in motor neurons and that these changes are temporally associated with the development of chronic pain and allodynia.     

Influence of hypoxia on wavelength dependence of differential pathlength and near-infrared quantification

Continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of cardiac correlated changes in attenuation in the adult human head were computed using a Fourier analysis technique that eliminates the positive error bias associated with the magnitude of the Fourier coefficient. These attenuation changes were used to determine wavelength dependence of differential pathlength, DP(lambda), at four stages during progressive hypoxia (21, 17, 13 and 9% FIO2) in normal volunteers. The effects of incorporating DP(lambda) into NIRS algorithms to compute relative concentration changes and absolute concentration of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin are discussed. Because variations in DP(lambda) are restricted to wavelengths below 780 nm, absolute concentration calculations are influenced by hypoxia-induced changes while relative concentrations are unaffected. However, even accounting for changes in DP(lambda) did not allow computation of physiologically reasonable absolute concentrations of the haemoglobin species.     

Changes in the flow of early products of photosynthetic carbon fixation associated with the replication of TYMV

In leaves of Chinese cabbage systemically infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), the following metabolic changes are closely related in time to the period of virus replication: (i) a diversion of the products of photosynthetic carbon fixation away from sugars and into organic and amino acids; (ii) an increase in the activity of the enzymes phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and aspartate amino transferase. Tests with various host-virus combinations suggest that these changes are specific for TYMV rather than the host species. We suggest that these changes are induced by the virus and are directly connected with the requirements of virus replication. The findings support the view that TYMV is primarily a parasite of the chloroplast.The following properties are permanently changed by TYMV infection, and the observed reductions occur only toward the end of the period of virus replication: (i) rate of carbon fixation, (ii) concentration of fraction I protein and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity. Previous work has shown that these changes also occur with other viruses.     

Ageing of the heart

Ageing of the heart is associated with a number of characteristic morphological, histological and biochemical changes. However, not all observed changes with age are associated with a deterioration in function. The high prevalence of hypertension and ischaemic heart disease makes distinction between normal ageing changes and the effects of underlying cardiovascular disease processes difficult. In this review, an attempt has been made to separate age-related changes from those related to disease, and to outline their significance for cardiac performance. Disease-independent changes in the ageing heart which are associated with a reduction in function include a reduction in the number of myocytes and cells within the specialised conduction tissue, the development of cardiac fibrosis, a reduction in calcium transport across membranes, lower capillary density and decreases in the intracellular response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Other characteristic changes, such as epicardial fat deposition and 'brown atrophy' due to intracellular lipofuscin deposits, appear to be merely symptomatic of the ageing process without any obvious effects on function. Some of the age-associated changes in the heart can be reversed, at least partially, by exercise or specific drugs. It remains, however, unclear whether this would result in any definite advantages for the individual. The mechanisms guiding proliferation or non-proliferation of myocytes and the development of fibrosis are current topics for research and may lead to new preventive approaches to ageing processes in the heart.     

Activity-induced targeting of profilin and stabilization of dendritic spine morphology

Morphological changes in dendritic spines have been implicated in connective plasticity in brain circuitry, but the underlying pathway leading from synaptic transmission to structural change is unknown. Using primary neurons expressing GFP-tagged proteins, we found that profilin, a regulator of actin polymerization, is targeted to spine heads when postsynaptic NMDA receptors are activated and that actin-based changes in spine shape are concomitantly blocked. Profilin targeting was triggered by electrical stimulation patterns known to induce the long-term changes in synaptic responsiveness associated with memory formation. These results suggest that, in addition to electrophysiological changes, NMDA receptor activation initiates changes in the actin cytoskeleton of dendritic spines that stabilize synaptic structure.     

Qualitative and quantitative changes in normal aging and alzheimer''s disease

Qualitative changes in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are as important as quantitative changes. Although qualitative changes do not co-vary with quantitative differences in every respect, quantitative changes, nevertheless, often accurately reflect qualitative changes. Moreover, the complementary use of each provides a more detailed characterization of brain changes with aging and AD. The quantitative and qualitative changes of choline acetyltransferase, as well as somatostatin-containing neurons and dendrites, in human cortex are described as examples of this.     

Behavioral effects of cyclic changes in serotonin during the human menstrual cycle.

Many cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle (temperature, depression, motor activity, pain sensitivity, etc.) are closely paralleled by changes in brain serotonin level. These changes, in turn, are associated with peripheral hormone levels which are comparatively regular and easily measured. Their measurement may be useful both in predicting behavior and in accounting for atypical menstrual-related behavior.     

颈椎终板Modic改变分布特点与退变的关系

背景：关于Modic改变在腰椎中分布及特点的相关性研究比较多,而在颈椎中的相关研究则较少。 目的：分析颈椎终板Modic改变的临床分布特点,并探讨其发生与颈椎退变的相关性。 方法：随机抽取因颈肩痛行颈椎MRI和常规X射线检查的患者共200例,年龄20~83岁。记录MRI颈椎Modic改变发生的节段,改变类型,改变的位置等,并分析其发生与性别、年龄、椎间盘退变节段及程度、椎间隙高度、颈椎曲度的相关性。 结果与结论：200例共计1 200个颈椎椎间盘中23例(11.5%),29个(2.4%)个椎间盘邻近终板发生Modic改变。Ⅰ型8例(4%),10个椎间盘(0.8%);Ⅱ型13例(6.5%),16个椎间盘(1.3%);Ⅲ型2例(1.0%),3个椎间盘(0.25%)。按照各个椎间盘节段发病数统计,C2/3节段O个,C3/4节段4个,C4/5节段6个,C5/6节段12个,C6/7节段7个,C7/T1节段0个,发病率分别为0%,0.33%,0.5%,1.0%,0.58%,0%。结果表明颈椎终板也存在Modic改变的现象,但发生率较腰椎低,Ⅱ型最多见,Ⅰ型次之,Ⅲ型最为少见,多发生于C5/6椎间盘,多位于邻近终板的后方。50岁以上为其好发年龄,其发生与年龄、椎间盘退变、椎间盘节段及颈椎曲度之间存在相关性。     

Effects of specific antibodies on the ultrastructure of mouse oocytes

The effects of antiovarian antiserum and monoclonal antibodies to the oolemma antigens on the ultrastructure of mouse oocytes and their microenvironment are studied. The antioolemma monoclonal antibodies cause more pronounced degenerative changes in the oocyte that in its microenvironment. Antiovarian antiserum induces greater changes in the microenvironment than in the oocyte. Changes induced in the oocyte by the antiserum are secondary relative to changes occurring in the microenvironment, while changes observed in the oocyte treated with monoclonal antibodies are primary. Translated fromByulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 115–119, January, 1997     

Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures

Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death with unique morphological and biochemical features, is dysregulated in cancer and is activated by many cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Noninvasive assays for apoptosis in cell cultures can aid in screening of new anticancer agents. We have previously demonstrated that elastic scattering spectroscopy can monitor apoptosis in cell cultures. In this report we present data on monitoring the detailed time-course of scattering changes in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and PC-3 prostate cancer cells treated with staurosporine to induce apoptosis. Changes in the backscattering spectrum are detectable within 10 min, and continue to progress up to 48 h after staurosporine treatment, with the magnitude and kinetics of scattering changes dependent on inducer concentration. Similar responses were observed in CHO cells treated with several other apoptosis-inducing protocols. Early and late scattering changes were observed under conditions shown to induce apoptosis via caspase activity assay and were absent under conditions where apoptosis was not induced. Finally, blocking caspase activity and downstream apoptotic morphology changes prevented late scattering changes. These observations demonstrate that early and late changes in wavelength-dependent backscattering correlate with the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures and that the late changes are specific to apoptosis.     

Retinal degeneration under the effect of antibodies to recoverin

Serious changes in the retina, diagnosed as retinal degeneration and uveitis, are observed only in the presence of high titers of antibodies to recoverin (Ca²⁺-binding protein, a paraneoplastic antigen) in the blood of rabbits. Negligible changes in the retina of rabbits with low antibody titers are detected only by cytohistochemical analysis of the retina. No changes in the retina develop in rabbits intravenously injected with antibodies to recoverin.     

Putative radionuclide features of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Distinctive changes in the left ventricular cavity seen with nuclear ventriculographic studies are described. These changes are postulated to be uniquely associated with left ventricular hypertrophy.     

Is there a set of histologic changes that are invariably reflux associated?

Many histologic changes have been described in the esophageal squamous mucosa in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including dilated intercellular spaces, balloon cells, intrapapillary vessel dilation, elongated papillae, basal cell hyperplasia, acanthosis, intraepithelial eosinophils, Langerhans cells, and p53 protein overexpression. To define a set of histologic changes that are invariably reflux associated, we examined the histologic changes in esophageal specimens from normal controls, patients with GERD, patients without GERD but with a suspicion of other pathology, and patients with esophageal carcinoma. We also examined biopsy specimens from sites with differing endoscopic features, including cloudy white and reddened mucosa. A definitive set of reflux-associated histologic changes could not be defined from the small number of biopsy specimens examined in the present study. Histologic changes indicative of GERD are likely to be found somewhere in the esophagus in all patients with GERD, but these changes are nonspecific. A set of histologic changes that are invariably reflux associated may exist, but these changes are nonspecific. To develop a set of characteristic reflux-associated features, endoscopists may perform targeted biopsies from several sites with various endoscopic features and at different stages of disease.     

The covariation of cortical electrical activity and cardiovascular responding.

Integrating findings from research concerning the cerebral and cardiovascular effects of increasing emotional intensity suggests that changes in functional cerebral system activation and changes in heart rate and blood pressure are related. Research has indicated that the left and right cerebral hemispheres are specialized for parasympathetic and sympathetic control of cardiovascular functioning. The present investigation sought to determine whether significant correlations existed between changes in the magnitude (microV) of alpha (8-13 Hz), low beta (13-21 Hz), and high beta (21-32 Hz) EEG activity at the frontal and temporal lobes and changes in heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The results indicated that changes in the magnitude of each bandwidth analyzed were significantly correlated with changes in all three cardiovascular measures at several sites across the cerebral hemispheres, including the frontal and temporal lobes. The findings are discussed in terms of explaining the cardiovascular effects of increasing emotional intensity. Clinical implications of the findings are also discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.     

Possible Mechanisms for the Effect of Protein Sensitization on Contractile Function of Fast and Slow Muscles in Mice

We studied the mechanisms underlying the effect of immunobiological reorganization of the organism on contractile function of isolated skeletal muscles from mouse leg (fast muscle, m. extensor digitorum longus; and slow muscle, m. soleus). Protein sensitization was accompanied by changes in contractile properties of fast and slow skeletal muscles. These changes were differently directed in muscles with various phenotypes. The force of carbachol-induced contraction (cholinergic agonist) increased in the slow muscle, but decreased in the fast muscle. The direction of changes in the force of carbachol-induced contractions under conditions of protein sensitization in skeletal muscles correlates with changes in non-quantal secretion of acetylcholine in the endplate (H-effect). Opposite changes in functional properties of fast and slow muscles from mouse leg during protein sensitization are related to choline-mediated excitation of the muscle fiber membrane. Our results suggest that changes in contractile function of skeletal muscles during protein sensitization are associated with variations in choline-mediated excitation of the muscle fiber membrane and modification of electromechanical coupling.     

Effects of skin on bias and reproducibility of near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of cerebral oxygenation changes in porcine brain

The influence of skin on the bias and reproducibility of regional cerebral oxygenation measurements is investigated using cw near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Receiving optodes are placed over the left and right hemispheres of a piglet (C3, C4 EEG placement code) and one transmitting optode centrally (Cz position). Optical densities (OD) are measured during stable normo, mild, and deep hypoxemia. This is done for skin condition 1: all optodes on the skin; skin condition 2: transmitting optode on the skin and one receiving optode on the skull; and skin condition 3: all optodes on the skull. Absolute changes of oxy- (cO2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (cHHb), and total hemoglobin (ctHb) concentrations [micromolL] are calculated from the ODs. These absolute changes are calculated for each skin condition with respect to normoxic condition. Additionally, for skin condition 2, the difference of concentration changes between receiver 1 (skull) and receiver 2 (skin) is calculated. The effect of skin removal is an average increase of attenuation changes by a factor of 1.66 (=0.51 OD) and of the concentration changes due to the arterial oxygen saturation steps by 23%. We conclude that skin significantly influences regional oxygenation measurements. Nevertheless, it is hypothesized that the estimated concentration changes are dominated by changes of the oxygenation in the brain.     

Change point analysis for longitudinal physiological data: Detection of cardio-respiratory changes preceding panic attacks

Statistical methods for detecting changes in longitudinal time series of psychophysiological data are limited. ANOVA and mixed models are not designed to detect the existence, timing, or duration of unknown changes in such data. Change point (CP) analysis was developed to detect distinct changes in time series data. Preliminary reports using CP analysis for fMRI data are promising. Here, we illustrate the application of CP analysis for detecting discrete changes in ambulatory, peripheral physiological data leading up to naturally occurring panic attacks (PAs). The CP method was successful in detecting cardio-respiratory changes that preceded the onset of reported PAs. Furthermore, the changes were unique to the pre-PA period, and were not detected in matched non-PA control periods. The efficacy of our CP method was further validated by detecting patterns of change that were consistent with prominent respiratory theories of panic positing a relation between aberrant respiration and panic etiology.