左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星治疗豚鼠实验感染鼠疫的研究

目的 观察左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星治疗豚鼠实验感染鼠疫的疗效。方法 参照《中华人民共和国国家药典》成人剂量,用施新猷的动物折算系数法换算成豚鼠每日每千克体重用药剂量[左氧氟沙星40 mg/(kg·d),莫西沙星32 mg/(kg·d)],用灭菌生理盐水稀释成水剂后,以皮下注射法治疗鼠疫菌141株感染24 h后的实验动物。连续用药9 d后停药,经医学观察9 d后处死,自然死亡及处死动物解剖取脏器进行鼠疫细菌学检验。结果 左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星治疗组实验动物全部存活,存活率均为100%;存活动物处死后,解剖取脏器进行细菌学检验,结果均为阴性。对照组动物于感染后3~5 d全部死亡,并从各脏器中分离到鼠疫菌,均为特异性死亡。结论 左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星对豚鼠实验感染鼠疫的治疗效果均有效,特殊情况下可替代链霉素用于鼠疫的预防和治疗。     

不同给药时间治疗实验感染动物鼠疫的效果观察

目的观察不同给药时间治疗实验感染动物鼠疫的效果。方法新西兰兔实验感染鼠疫后用环丙沙星分别于24、48h按每日每公斤体重0.04g/kg/d、2次/d静脉注射,治疗9d后停药观察。结果两组动物治疗后,治愈率均为100%,停药后9d处死剖检动物鼠疫细菌学培养阴性。结论动物实验感染鼠疫后用环丙沙星24或48h开始治疗均能治愈。     

诺氟沙星预防实验感染动物鼠疫的效果观察

目的观察诺氟沙星预防鼠疫的效果。方法参照《中华人民共和国国家药典》成人剂量,用施新猷的动物折算系数法换算成家兔每日用药剂量60 mg／kg,分2次以灌胃法给实验3组动物预防用药3 d,第4天分别用含菌1．5×107个／只剂量感染实验3组和对照组动物。实验3组动物继续用药6 d后停药,观察诺氟沙星预防鼠疫的效果。结果实验3组动物存活率100％,对照组动物存活率为0。结论诺氟沙星预防实验感染动物鼠疫效果显著。     

环丙沙星治疗家兔实验感染鼠疫疗效观察

目的观察环丙沙星治疗实验感染动物鼠疫疗效。方法实验感染鼠疫24h后的新西兰白兔按每日每公斤体重0.04g,2次静脉注射环丙沙星。结果环丙沙星治疗组动物全部治愈,停药后9d处死,鼠疫细菌学培养阴性。结论环丙沙星可用于鼠疫的临床治疗。     

治疗鼠疫药物的筛选

目的筛选治疗鼠疫的新型抗生素。方法采用纸片扩散(K-B)法进行鼠疫菌药敏试验;用环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、头孢曲松钠治疗感染鼠疫实验动物疗效观察;将新型抗菌药物应用于人间鼠疫病例临床治疗。结果药敏试验表明鼠疫菌对所试30种抗菌药物有20种高度敏感,以β-内酰胺类的敏感性最好,喹诺酮类次之,氨基糖甙类尚可,大环内酯类则较差;环丙沙星和诺氟沙星治疗实验感染动物鼠疫的治愈率为100%,头孢曲松钠的疗效则依据剂量不同其效果也不同,400、150、50mg/kg组的治愈率分别为45.16%、80.00%、93.30%;新型抗菌药物应用于鼠疫病例治疗可痊愈并缩短病程。结论环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、头孢曲松钠治疗感染鼠疫实验动物有较好疗效,用于人间鼠疫病人的治疗可缩短病程,减少链霉素用量。     

甘宁黄土高原鼠疫自然疫源地50年防控概述

目的通过对甘宁阿拉善黄鼠鼠疫疫源地50年鼠疫调查及监测材料汇总分析,为该疫源地动物鼠疫监测及预警提供指导。方法收集、整理鼠疫资料,建立甘宁黄土高原黄鼠疫源地1962—2012年鼠疫数据库;黄鼠密度调查采用1日弓形夹法,其他小型啮齿动物调查采用5m夹线法;鼠疫病原学的分离采取剖检鼠类脏器,取肝脾直接压印培养法;鼠体蚤的收集采用梳检法;蚤的细菌学检验采取集组研磨培养法;鼠疫血清学采取间接血凝（IHA）法。结果该疫源地共捕获啮齿动物18种,黄鼠为优势种群;收集蚤类59种（亚种）,方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种为优势种群;50年来发生3次动物间鼠疫流行,分离鼠疫菌163株（其中人尸体4株、自然染疫动物135株、寄生蚤24株）,检出阳性血清488份;动物鼠疫流行多发生在5—6月,流行年份黄鼠密度（3．26±1．11）只／hm^2,动物间鼠疫频发区在海原县境内月亮山与南华山草甸草原和山地草原地带。结论海原县境内月亮山与南华山为该疫源地核心区,黄鼠鼠疫终止流行阈值指标为黄鼠密度年均〈0．2只／hm^2,黄鼠密度年均1．11只／hm^2为动物鼠疫流行时的阈值指标,2只／hm^2为动物鼠疫流行的预警指标。     

化学消毒剂对鼠疫实验动物灭菌效果观察

目的观察化学消毒剂对实验感染鼠疫动物脏器、尸体材料的杀菌效果。方法将强毒鼠疫菌皮下注射实验动物,待动物死亡分离出鼠疫菌后,取其脏器及整个尸体于各种消毒液中浸泡,观察灭菌效果。结果含氯类2000～5000 mg/L、过氧化物类2000～5000 mg/L、酚类5%～10%、醛类2%～5%的消毒剂对动物尸体脏器杀菌作用均较弱,24～96 h均不能完全杀灭尸体脏器内部的鼠疫菌。结论化学消毒剂对动物尸体、组织脏器杀菌作用差,应考虑采取其他方法处理动物尸体或脏器。     

长尾黄鼠带鼠疫菌越冬实验观察

目的 通过长尾黄鼠(简称黄鼠)带鼠疫菌越冬实验,分析黄鼠是否存在带菌越冬的可能性,为探讨鼠疫菌在黄鼠体内越冬保存提供依据.方法 在2006年9月至2007年4月和2007年9月至2008年4月,于新疆乌苏古尔图鼠疫自然疫源地内,在自然条件下模拟黄鼠带菌越冬过程,按1000万个菌/鼠,将鼠疫菌注射到178只黄鼠鼠鼷部皮下,进行黄鼠人工感染.将感染鼠疫菌的黄鼠置于鼠疫疫源地内人工修建的全黑(温度:1～5℃)地下室(距离地面下2 m)内,使其与外环境的黄鼠同步自然冬眠,待次年4月自然醒眠后,观察存活黄鼠体内的带菌情况.结果 接种鼠疫菌的178只黄鼠,经过6个多月的冬眠期(当年的10月至下年的4月),醒眠后存活鼠68只,其余110只未度过冬眠期全部死亡,存活率为38.2%(68/178).未完成整个冬眠期死亡的110只黄鼠进行解剖和脏器鼠疫菌培养,67只阴性(-),43只阳性(+),阳性牢为39.1%(43/110).在这些鼠疫菌阳性鼠中,可见明显的肺充血水肿,心、肝、脾、肾及注射部位可见明显出血性炎症等病理改变;阴性鼠未见任何病理改变.完成整个冬眠期醒眠后存活的黄鼠,正常饲养20 d后处死,经解剖观察,脏器中未见任何病理改变;取心、肝、脾、肺等脏器及注射部位进行鼠疫菌培养,全部呈阴性(-);抗体检查阳性率为69.1%(47/68),抗体滴度范围主要在1:32～1:64.结论 黄鼠可以带菌冬眠,但带菌过程未能覆盖整个冬眠期,呈不完全迁延性带菌过程;完成整个冬眠期存活的黄鼠未能检出鼠疫菌,表明黄鼠不能带菌越冬.     

2008年全国鼠疫检验结果及分析

目的分析2008年全国鼠疫检验结果,供全国鼠疫省（区）的专业人员参考。方法查阅2008年全国24个省（市、区）鼠疫监测总结,按照省（市、区）和疫源地类型将其病原学和血清学检验结果进行统计和分析。结果全国用鼠疫细菌学方法检验各种动物102 499只,分离出鼠疫菌147株;检验媒介昆虫24 267组,分离出鼠疫菌43株。用间接血凝（IHA）方法检测各种动物血清131 437份,判定IHA阳性血清300份。用反相间接血凝（R IHA）方法检测各种动物材料6 048份,判定R IHA阳性材料89份。结论2008年我国在旱獭疫源地的1个县发生2例人间鼠疫,动物鼠疫在7个省（区）46个县（市、旗）发生与流行;在12类疫源地中,除黄胸鼠疫源地和阿拉善黄鼠疫源地外,其他10类疫源地动物鼠疫均有不同程度的发生与流行。     

酶标鼠疫F1McAb在酶免疫染色法快速鉴定鼠疫菌中的应用

目的观察酶标鼠疫F1McAb在酶免疫染色法快速鉴定鼠疫菌中的应用效果.方法实验感染鼠疫强毒菌的病死小鼠和处死健康小鼠尸体,20℃以上室温放置,用鼠疫F1McAb酶免疫染色法检测,同时用细菌学检验方法分离鼠疫菌和反向血凝试验(RIHA)检测鼠疫F1抗原.结果直接培养仅从5d内的鼠尸分离检出鼠疫菌,阳性率为53.3%;动物实验检出鼠疫菌的最长时间为8d,阳性率为71.6%.存放13d内,酶免疫染色阳性率为99.1%,RIHA阳性率98.2%,用酶免疫染色法和RIHA检测健康动物腐败脏器全部阴性.以上方法检查鼠疫疫区自毙动物标本12份,酶免疫染色法阳性7份,RIHA阳性6份,动物实验阳性5份,直接培养未获得阳性结果.结论酶免疫染色法检查动物腐败脏器中的鼠疫菌具有较高的敏感性和特异性.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.