胎心监护联合脐血流测定诊断胎儿窘迫的临床分析

目的探讨NST、S/D值联合监测对胎儿窘迫诊断的临床价值。方法对957例孕34～42周孕妇予胎心监护,无反应型者再予监测脐血流S/D值;并对胎儿窘迫者NST、S/D值、新生儿脐血血气分析和新生儿窒息情况进行分析。结果各种胎儿监护方法均存在一定缺陷,NST、S/D值均正常表示胎儿宫内情况良好,均异常提示胎儿情况危急。结论联合胎心监护、脐血流应用可提高胎儿窘迫诊断的正确率。     

无负荷试验在产前监护中的应用价值(附990例临床分析)

目的　正确评价无负荷试验在产前监护中的应用价值。方法　自 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 12月在我科建卡妊娠 38～ 39周孕妇常规进行无负荷试验 (non stess test,NST) ,根据胎心基线、基线振幅、胎动次数及胎动时胎心上升幅度和持续时间这 5项指标综合评分 ,满分为 10分 ,NST≥ 8分为有反应型 ,6～ 7分为可疑型 ,NST≤ 5分为无反应型。结果　 870例 NST有反应型的孕妇 ,发生胎儿宫内窘迫 70例 (8.0 5 % ) ,新生儿窒息 34例 (3.91% ) ;70例可疑型孕妇 ,其胎儿宫内窘迫 19例 (2 7.14 % ) ,新生儿窒息13例 (18.5 7% ) ;NST无反应型 5 0例 ,胎儿宫内窘迫 2 6例 (5 2 .0 0 % ) ,新生儿窒息 17例 (34.0 0 % )。经χ2 检验 ,NST有反应型与可疑型、无反应型均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　绝大多数 NST有反应型表明胎儿中枢神经系统对 FHR控制机制的完善 ,提示胎儿在宫内生长良好 ,一般情况下无新生儿窒息。NST假反应型可能与脐带异常、臀位及妊娠高血压综合征等高危妊娠有关 ;NST假无反应型可能与处理积极、胎心监护时间不够及镇静药物的应用有关。     

胎监联合脐血流S/D比值预测胎儿宫内窘迫的临床意义

目的研究胎监联合脐血流S/D比值在临床方面预测胎儿宫内窘迫的临床意义。方法对我院2013年7月~2014年7月收治的80例孕妇在妊娠30周时对其进行常规的脐血流S/D比值的记录和胎心监护结果检测,并比较新生儿Apgar评分,对宫内窘迫进行诊断并比较。结果监测脐血流S/D比值中的反应型和S/D3的孕妇中,其胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率为2.94%(2/68),无反应型和S/D3的孕妇其胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率为50.00%(1/2),对两组进行比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),无反应型和S/D3的孕妇其胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率为50.00%(1/2),反应型和S/D≥3的孕妇其胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率是25.00%(1/4),通过与无反应型及S/D≥3进行比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。无反应型和S/D≥3的6例随后均确定是胎儿宫内窘迫,其符合率是100.00%(6/6)。结论胎监联合脐血流S/D比值预测可明显提升诊断胎儿宫内窘迫正确率,对胎儿预后起到改善作用,并且减少围产儿的死亡率。     

产前胎心无应激试验（NST）426例分析

目的探讨胎心无应激试验对在产前监护中的应用价值。方法对426例孕产妇进行NST试验,根据胎心基线、振幅变异、周期变异、胎动次数及胎动时胎心上升幅度这5项指标综合评分,满分为10分,NST≥8分为有反应型,6～7分为可疑型,NST≤5分为无反应型。结果400例NST有反应型的孕妇,发生胎儿宫内窘迫69例（17.25%）,新生儿窒息10例（2.50%）;14例可疑型孕妇,其胎儿宫内窘迫6例（42.86%）,新生儿窒息3例（21.43%）;NST无反应型12例,胎儿宫内窘迫9例（75.00%）,新生儿窒息3例（25.00%）。经χ^2检验,NST有反应型与可疑型、无反应型均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论NST有反应型表明绝大多数胎儿中枢神经系统对FHR控制机制的完善,提示胎儿在宫内生长良好,一般情况下无新生儿窒息。NST无反应型可能与脐带异常、早产、过期妊娠及妊娠高血压疾病等高危妊娠有关;NST可疑型可能与处理积极、胎心监护时间不够有关。     

1 531例孕妇中高危妊娠脐动脉搏动指数测定联合胎心监护对胎儿预后的评估

目的通过脐动脉搏动指数(PI)测定联合胎心监护(NST)对高危妊娠胎儿预后进行评估,以寻求更为准确可靠的诊断方法。方法将1 531例孕妇中930例高危妊娠妇女分为3组:PI组即PI≥0.9;NST组即NST无反应型组;联合组即PI≥0.9且NST无反应型组进行比较;记录分娩方式和分娩结局即羊水污染,新生儿Apgar评分等指标。结果联合组的羊水污染率、新生儿窒息率及剖宫产率明显高于PI组以及NST组。当PI≥0.9时,胎儿预后不良发生率明显高于S/D及RI的发生率。结论在进行脐血流监测时,PI值优于S/D及RI值。PI值与胎心监护联合应用,为产科医师正确评估胎儿宫内状况,判断胎儿预后的估计提供可靠依据,不失为值得推广并加以重视的无创、简便、动态的胎儿监护方法。     

无负荷试验联合脐血流测定对妊娠晚期胎儿的监护及其预后评估

目的：探讨产科门诊胎心监护与脐血流测定在判断胎儿宫内状况及围生儿预后的临床价值。方法：对695例妊娠34～42周,在产科门诊常规检查时联合应用胎心无负荷试验（NST）及胎儿脐动脉血流测定S/D比值,并胎儿情况进行追踪观察。结果：NST可疑型和无反应型组S/D≥3者新生儿窒息发生率及低体重儿发生率比反应型S/D〈3组明显增高（P〈0.005）。结论：妊娠晚期联合应用NST及S/D测定,能及早发现胎儿宫内缺氧状态,为临床及时诊治提供可靠依据,改善胎儿预后。     

脐血流和胎心监护与围生儿结局的关系探讨

目的 探讨脐血流联合胎心监护对预测围生儿结局的价值.方法 对2200例妊娠26 ～ 42周的孕妇进行胎儿脐动脉收缩期血流峰值与舒张末期血流速度的比值(S/D值)的检测及胎心监测,观察无应激试验(NST)、S/D与预测围生儿结局的关系.结果 S/D值＜3者,围生儿羊水过少、羊水污染、新生儿缺氧窒息、新生儿畸形及死亡的概率明显小于S/D值≥3者(x2=15.61、6.24、12.38、9.73、5.77,均P＜0.05);且NST＞7分者,上述的概率明显小于NST≤7分者(x2=4.54、4.12、5.89、5.94、8.10,均P＜0.05).结论 在胎儿脐动脉血流监测的同司时进行胎心监测能够提高对围生儿结局预测的准确率,避免单个方法监测的缺陷,可以尽早及时地诊断出胎儿窘迫,进行合理的治疗,降低新生儿的死亡率.     

足月妊娠脐动脉血流测定联合胎心监护对胎儿窘迫的预测

目的通过脐动脉血流测定联合胎心监护对足月妊娠胎儿窘迫进行预测，以寻求更为准确可靠的诊断方法。方法将研究对象分为三组，联合组即脐动脉血流测定S／D值≥2．5且NST无反应型组；脐血流组即单纯行脐动脉血流测定S／D值≥2.5组和NST组即单纯行胎心监护NST无反应型组；分别了解分娩结局：记录羊水污染，新生儿Apgar评分等指标。结果联合组的羊水污染率，胎儿窘迫率，新生儿窒息率明显高于脐血流组以及NST组。结论胎儿脐血流监护与胎心监护联合应用，可及早发现胎儿窘迫，及时采取适当的干预措施，改善胎儿的预后，减少围产儿的病死率。     

胎心率监护在高危妊娠中的应用

目的探讨胎心率监护仪在高危妊娠中监测胎儿宫内情况的临床效果。方法采用胎儿心率电子监护仪对高危妊娠孕妇进行产前、产时监护,其中行无负荷试验(NST)68例,宫缩应激试验(CST)和催产素激惹试验(OCT)48例。结果 NST68例中反应型63例占92.65%,无反应型5例占7.35%,CST+OCT48例中阴性43例占89.58%,阳性5例占10.42%。NST反应型的高危妊娠孕妇胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率、手术产率均明显低于NST无反应型的高危妊娠孕妇(P0.05),CST+OCT阴性的高危妊娠产妇其胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率及手术产率明显低于CST+OCT阳性的高危妊娠产妇(P0.05)。结论胎儿心率电子监护仪对高危妊娠孕妇可增加异常胎儿心率的检出,早期发现胎儿宫内缺氧情况,有效降低新生儿窒息和早产的发生,提高临危胎儿的抢救成功率,降低围生儿的死亡率。     

脐动脉大脑中动脉血流动力学检测诊断胎儿窘迫的临床价值

目的研究脐动脉与大脑中动脉血流动力学检测在诊断胎儿窘迫中的临床价值。方法选取我院2015年1月~2017年12月纳入的105例妊娠晚期孕妇,按照产前诊断结果分为两组,由于正常胎心率120~160次/min,其中42例胎动时胎心率增快 10次/min或者胎心率不规则的宫内窘迫孕妇作为研究组,另63例未出现此现象的孕妇作为对照组,所有孕妇均采取彩色多普勒超声检查,观察胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学指标水平,分析其指标水平与胎儿窘迫的关系。结果研究组脐动脉中S/D、PI以及RI水平均较对照组升高(t=3.970,8.963,10.167,P 0.05);其中20例代偿期大脑中动脉中S/D、PI以及RI水平较对照组明显降低,另外22例失代偿期较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.232,-3.254,-8.991,P 0.05);研究组的UARI/MCARI、UAPI/MCARI、(SUA/DUA)/(SMCA/DMCA)高于对照组(t=7.443,6.772,6.555,P 0.05)。结论健康胎儿的脐动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学指标水平与胎儿宫内窘迫者水平、阻力比值差异较大,因此孕妇产前利用彩色多普勒超声检查具有重要意义,能够有效预防胎儿窘迫,已成为临床上诊断胎儿窘迫的主要检测方式,及时发现并采取有效干预措施,保证母婴安全,避免胎儿死亡,具有推广应用的价值。     

Fetal pharmacotherapy

Rapid progress has recently been encountered in pharmacologically treating the unborn baby. This unique area of drug therapy raises new methodological and ethical questions. This article is a systematic review of known modalities of fetal pharmacotherapy, and aims to highlight essential principles, difficulties and controversies in fetal pharmacotherapy. Unique pharmacokinetic features of pregnancy, the placenta and the fetus govern maternal-to-fetal drug transfer. Ethically, it is important that the mother and family are appropriately informed about the evidence in favour of specific fetal therapy, its risks and alternatives. Antenatal use of corticosteroids for lung maturation is an example of adequate methodology, leading to clear results. In contrast, the initial hopes in antenatal use of phenobarbital were based on less than optimal methodology. Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects is the first instance of fetal therapy that has led to the prevention of a major malformation. Serious infections, such as HIV, Group B streptococcus and toxoplasmosis highlight the need for controlled, randomised studies to prevent fetal infection. With scores of new modalities of fetal therapy likely to be introduced in the next few years, it will be important to adhere to the best possible methodology and execution, in order to address optimally the needs of the fetus.     

Fetal Origins of Adult Disease Fetal Origins Of Adult Disease?

1. Associations between lower birthweight and higher blood pressure, increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been observed in a number of different populations worldwide. 2. The reason for this is still debated. Some believe that the observed associations can be explained on the basis of differences in postnatal growth, socioeconomic confounding or genetic factors. Two published studies of birthweight and CHD, with information on later size, suggest that both gestational and postnatal exposures are important. Associations between birthweight and blood pressure, seen in cohorts of twins treated as individuals, have generally remained when data are analysed within twin pairs. Furthermore, similar associations are seen in studies of animals with relative genetic homogeneity kept in standard conditions. These findings suggest that neither socioeconomic nor genetic factors are wholly responsible for the observed associations. 3. If then, there is an underlying causal association, two issues are of fundamental importance. First, is fetal growth (for which birthweight is a summary measure) involved in the causal pathway or is the causal factor a fetal exposure independently associated with fetal growth and increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease? The answer is important in terms of our understanding, the potential for intervention and estimation of the public health implications. Second, are the classic risk factors for CHD in the causal chain between fetal exposures or growth and adult CHD? Most prospective studies measure these factors, but their role as intermediates is unproven. 4. Intervention studies are the best way to test causal hypotheses, but our level of understanding is insufficient to justify such studies in humans, so we rely on animal studies to formally test causal hypotheses. In the present paper, we discuss design and statistical issues in relation to animal studies. The challenge in this field is to devise ways to identify and test potential causal hypotheses in humans.     

电子胎心监护在胎儿宫内窘迫中的临床应用价值分析

目的探讨电子胎心监护在胎儿宫内窘迫中的临床应用价值。方法选择2010年1月至2011年6月在我院产科住院分娩的566例孕妇,均行电子胎心监护,根据检查情况分为A组(阳性组)、B组(阴性组)和C组(可疑组)。结果 A、B、C三组的羊水粪染(Ⅱ-Ⅲ度)、Apgar评分≤7分(出生1min)、胎儿窘迫发生率,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组和B组的剖宫产率显著高于C组(P<0.001),A和B之间比较差异没有统计学意义(χ2=1.862,P=0.172)。胎心监护诊断胎儿窘迫的灵敏度和特异度分别为52.9%和97.9%。结论电子胎心监护能够在早期方便地发现胎儿宫内窘迫,联合其他方法或许可以消除假阳性,提高诊断水平。     

胎儿静脉导管及卵圆孔血流频谱评价妊娠期高血压者其胎儿右心功能

目的探讨胎儿静脉导管及卵圆孔血流频谱评价妊娠期高血压孕妇其胎儿右心功能。方法选入我院40妊娠期高血压患者及健康孕妇40例入此次研究,对应入组观察组(患者)及对照组(正常人),对其胎儿静脉导管及卵圆孔血流频谱进行测量,对照测量结果。结果患者组卵圆孔心室收缩期峰值速度(FO-VS)、卵圆孔心室舒张期峰值速度(FO-VD)高于对照组,静脉导管心室收缩期峰值速度(DV-VS)高于对照组(P <0.05),静脉导管心室舒张期峰值速度(DV-VD)低于对照组(P <0.05)。结论胎儿静脉导管及卵圆孔血流频谱均可用于妊娠期高血压患者胎儿右心功能诊断。     

A Method to Evaluate Fetal Erythropoiesis from Postnatal Survival of Fetal RBCs

Fetal RBCs are produced during a period of very rapid growth and stimulated erythropoiesis under hypoxic intrauterine conditions. Fetal RBC life span varies with gestational age (GA) and is shorter than that in healthy adults. Due to the special kinetic properties of life span-based survival of human RBCs, a mathematical model-based kinetic analysis of the survival of fetal RBCs shortly after birth provides a unique opportunity to “look backward in time” to evaluate fetal erythropoiesis. This work introduces a novel method that utilizes postnatal in vivo RBC survival data collected within 2 days after birth to study both nonsteady-state (non-SS) in utero RBC production and changing fetal RBC life span over time. The effect of changes in erythropoiesis rate and RBC life span and the effect of multiple postnatal phlebotomies on the RBC survival curves were investigated using model-based simulations. This mathematical model, which considers both changes in the rate of erythropoiesis and RBC life span and which accurately accounts for the confounding effect of multiple phlebotomies, was applied to survival curves for biotin-labeled RBCs from ten anemic very low birth weight preterm infants. The estimated mean fetal RBC production rate scaled by body weight was 1.07 × 10⁷ RBCs/day g, and the mean RBC life span at birth was 52.1 days; these values are consistent with reported values. The in utero RBC life span increased at a rate of 0.51 days per day of gestation. We conclude that the proposed mathematical model and its implementation provide a flexible framework to study in utero non-SS fetal erythropoiesis in newborn infants.KEY WORDS: cord blood RBCs, fetal erythropoiesis, fetal RBC life span, fetal RBC production, red blood cells     

电子胎心监护诊断胎儿窘迫的临床观察

目的探讨电子胎心监护与胎儿窘迫及剖宫产率之间的关系。方法回顾分析4674例住院分娩孕妇的胎心电子监护图形。结果发现胎心监护图形异常者382例,其中223例考虑胎儿窘迫行剖宫产术,术中发现异常因素者175例,未发现异常因素者48例。胎心基线变异明显减弱或消失、重度变异减速、延长减速及晚期减速者发生羊水粪染、脐带缠绕及新生儿窒息比例明显高于其它胎心监护图形异常者。结论电子胎心监护能早期发现胎儿窘迫,但是,单凭胎心监护图形异常作为胎儿窘迫诊断会出现假阳性判断,当出现异常图型时,应严密监护,根据胎心率异常的程度及胎儿能够娩出的时间选择恰当的分娩方式,可减少围产儿病死率。