Exposure to secondhand smoke promotes sympathetic activity and cardiac muscle cachexia

Recent trials demonstrated that a single brief exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) generates acute adverse health effects. We evaluated the acute (immediately after exposure) and short-term (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4?h after exposure) effects of SHS on cardiac autonomic control and myocardial integrity. Nineteen adult healthy never-smokers underwent a 1?h exposure to SHS at bar/restaurant levels and a 1?h control exposure. Heart rate variability (HRV), serum cotinine, and six cardiac protein markers were assessed before, during, and up to four hours following each exposure. SHS reduced the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals and increased cotinine levels, creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and myoglobin (p?相似文献   

Exposure to secondhand smoke outside of a bar and a restaurant and tobacco exposure biomarkers in nonsmokers

Background: With an increase in indoor smoking bans, many smokers smoke outside establishments and near their entrances, which has become a public health concern.Objectives: We characterized the exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke (SHS) outside a restaurant and bar in Athens, Georgia, where indoor smoking is banned, using salivary cotinine and urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL).Methods: In a crossover study, we assigned 28 participants to outdoor patios of a restaurant and a bar and an open-air site with no smokers on three weekend days; participants visited each site once and stayed for 3 hr. We collected saliva and urine samples immediately before and after the visits (postexposure) and on the following morning and analyzed samples for cotinine and total NNAL, respectively. Regression models were fitted and changes in biomarkers were contrasted between locations.Results: Postexposure and preexposure geometric mean salivary cotinine concentrations differed by 0.115 ng/mL [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.105, 0.126)] and by 0.030 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.028, 0.031) for bar and restaurant visits, respectively. There were no significant post- and preexposure differences in cotinine levels after control site visits, and changes after bar and restaurant site visits were significantly different from changes after control site visits (p < 0.001). Results comparing next-day and preexposure salivary cotinine levels were similar. Next-day creatinine-corrected urinary NNAL concentrations also were higher than preexposure levels following bar and restaurant visits [1.858 pg/mg creatinine higher (95% CI: 0.897, 3.758) and 0.615 pg/mg creatinine higher (95% CI: 0.210, 1.761), respectively], and were significantly different from changes after the control visits (p = 0.005).Conclusion: Salivary cotinine and urinary NNAL increased significantly in nonsmokers after outdoor SHS exposure. Our findings indicate that such exposures may increase risks of health effects associated with tobacco carcinogens.     

Acute reduction in blood pressure following consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice may be dose-interval dependant: a pilot cross-over study

A pilot cross-over study assessed the acute effects on blood pressure and plasma biomarkers associated with consumption of a 300?ml anthocyanin-rich fruit juice, provided in differing dose-intervals. Young adults (n?=?6) and older adults (n?=?7) received in random order, either a single 300?ml dose or 3?×?100?ml doses of high-flavonoid cherry juice provided at 0, 1 and 2?h. Blood pressure and plasma levels of phenolic metabolites were measured at 0, 2 and 6?h.The single 300?ml dose of cherry juice resulted in a significant reduction in systolic (p?=?0.002), and diastolic blood pressure (p?=?0.008) and heart-rate (p?=?0.033) 2?h after consumption, before returning to baseline levels at 6?h post-consumption. The 3?×?100?ml dose provided over 2?h did not result in significant blood pressure reductions. Plasma phenolic metabolites increased at 2 and 6?h; however, fluctuations were higher after the single 300?ml dose in older adults. These findings have implications for design of intervention studies that investigate vascular effects associated with flavonoid-rich foods.     

Association between secondhand smoke exposure and quality of life in pregnant women and postpartum women and the consequences on the newborns

Purpose

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is prevalent and could damage the health of non-smokers, especially that of pregnant women (PW) and postpartum women (PPW). Nevertheless, there is no study on the impact of SHS during pregnancy on the quality of life (QOL) of PW and PPW. The study’s purpose is to study the effects of exposure to SHS on the QOL of pregnant and postpartum women and health of the newborns.

Methods

Self-reports and urine tests for cotinine were used to obtain data on SSH exposure in 296 women in the second trimester of pregnancy and 106 women in the postpartum period at the Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinic located in a university hospital. The WHOQOL-BREF-THAI and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to assess QOL and postpartum depression, respectively.

Results

Of the participants, 88.2% of PW and 62.3% of PPW reported exposure to SHS during pregnancy. Of the PPW, 5.7% had postpartum depression. PW with good QOL were less likely to have family member who smoked (p?=?0.007) or to be exposed to SHS in public parks (p?=?0.037) or in the household or workplace (p?=?0.011). Likewise, PPW with good QOL in the psychological domain were less likely to be exposed to SHS during pregnancy, as shown in both verbal report (p?=?0.010) and objective measure of urine cotinine test (p?=?0.034). In addition, maternal exposure to SHS during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and other health problems in the newborns (p?<?0.05).

Conclusions

Exposure to SHS during pregnancy is associated with a lower QOL and a poorer health condition in the newborns.

     

Using urinary biomarkers to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in 126 preschool children in Ohio

Limited data exist on exposures of young children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the United States (US). The urinary metabolite of pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), is widely used as a biomarker of total PAH exposure. Our objectives were to quantify urinary 1-OHPyr levels in 126 preschool children over a 48-h period and to examine associations between selected sociodemographic/lifestyle factors and urinary 1-OHPyr levels. Monitoring was performed at 126 homes and 16 daycares in Ohio in 2001, and questionnaires and urine samples were collected. The median urinary 1-OHPyr level was 0.33?ng/mL. In a multiple regression model, sampling season (p?=?0.0001) and natural log (ln)-transformed creatinine concentration (p?=?0.0006) were highly significant predictors of ln-transformed 1-OH-Pyr concentration; cooking appliance type (p?=?0.096) was a marginally significant predictor of ln(1-OHPyr). These children had higher median urinary 1-OHPyr levels compared to other US children (≤?0.15?ng/mL) in previously published studies, which suggests possible geographical differences in PAH exposure.     

Serum levels of phytoestrogens as biomarkers of intake in Mexican women

Abstract

Phytoestrogens have generated interest in human health in view of their potential effect to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. Serum levels of phytoestrogens have been proposed as an alternative to measure the exposure of phytoestrogens. We evaluated the use of serum as a biomarker of phytoestrogen’s intake in healthy women. Phytoestrogens in serum (luteolin, kaempferol, equol, biochanin A, formononetin, quercetin, naringenin, coumestrol, secoisolariciresinol, genistein, matairesinol, enterolactone, enterodiol, daidzein, glycitein and resveratrol) were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS. Subjects were asked to recall all foods and beverages consumed the previous 24 h. Association of dietary intake and serum concentrations was performed by Spearman correlation. Correlations were found for naringenin (r?=?0.47, p?<?0.001), luteolin (r?=?0.4 p?<?0.001), genistein (r?=?0.32, p?<?0.01) enterolactone (r?=?0.35, p?=?0.0553), coumestrol (r?=?0.26, p?=?0.0835) and resveratrol (r?=?0.29, p?=?0.0517). Serum levels as biomarkers of intake along with a 24-h recall would be useful in order to investigate the relationship between phytoestrogens and health.     

Two meals with different carbohydrate,fat and protein contents render equivalent postprandial plasma levels of calprotectin,cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin

The aim was to compare postprandial plasma levels of calprotectin, cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin between a control breakfast and a moderately low-carbohydrate test breakfast, given randomly after 10-h fast. Blood samples were collected before and repeatedly after the meal. Plasma calprotectin, cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin were analyzed. The total area under the curve (tAUC) and change in AUC from baseline (dAUC) were calculated. Ratios between the test and control values were calculated to investigate equivalence. Healthy volunteers (8 men and 12 women; 46.0?±?14.5 years) were included. tAUCs of cortisol and triglycerides did not differ between the breakfasts (p?=?0.158 versus p?=?0.579). Cortisol dAUCs were decreased and triglyceride dAUCs were increased after both breakfasts, with no differences between the breakfasts (p?=?0.933 versus p?=?0.277). Calprotectin and zonulin levels were unaffected. The meals were bioequivalent for cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin, but not for calprotectin.     

Prevalence and determinants of SHS exposure in public and private areas after the 2010 smoke-free legislation in Greece

The objective of the present survey was to assess the extent and socio-economic determinants of population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in Greece in 2011. The national household survey Hellas Health IV was conducted in October 2011. SHS exposure was based on self-reported exposure within home, workplace and public places. Thirty-three per cent of the respondents reported living in a smoke-free home. Smokers (p?<?0.001) and single individuals (p?<?0.017) were less likely to prohibit smoking at home. SHS exposure at work, in restaurants and in bars/clubs/cafes was frequently mentioned by 41.6, 84.2 and 90.5%, respectively. SHS exposure in a bar/club/cafe was noted more among single individuals (p?=?0.004) and those aged 18–34?years (p?=?0.007). Inhabitants of rural areas were more likely to report someone smoking indoors in all the above venues. Public health education and effective enforcement of the nationwide smoke-free legislation are imperative.     

Effects of a smoke-free law on hair nicotine and respiratory symptoms of restaurant and bar workers

OBJECTIVE: Bar and restaurant workers' exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) was compared before and 3 and 6 months after implementation of a smoke-free ordinance. METHODS: Hair nicotine, self-reported exposure to SHS, and respiratory symptoms were assessed on 105 smoking and nonsmoking workers from randomly selected establishments in Lexington, Kentucky. Thirty-eight percent were current smokers with more than half smoking 10 or fewer cigarettes per day. Workers provided a hair sample at baseline and at the 3-month interview. RESULTS: There was a significant decline in hair nicotine 3 months postlaw when controlling for cigarettes smoked per day. Bar workers showed a significantly larger decline in hair nicotine compared with restaurant workers. The only significant decline in SHS exposure was in the workplace and other public places. Regardless of smoking status, respiratory symptoms declined significantly postlaw. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitality workers demonstrated significant declines in hair nicotine and respiratory symptoms after the law. Comprehensive smoke-free laws can provide the greatest protection to bar workers who are the most vulnerable to SHS exposure at work.     

Indoor air quality in hospitality venues before and after implementation of a clean indoor air law--Western New York, 2003

Secondhand smoke (SHS) contains more than 50 carcinogens. SHS exposure is responsible for an estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths and more than 35,000 coronary heart disease deaths among never smokers in the United States each year, and for lower respiratory infections, asthma, sudden infant death syndrome, and chronic ear infections among children. Even short-term exposures to SHS, such as those that might be experienced by a patron in a restaurant or bar that allows smoking, can increase the risk of experiencing an acute cardiovascular event. Although population-based data indicate declining SHS exposure in the United States over time, SHS exposure remains a common but preventable public health hazard. Policies requiring smoke-free environments are the most effective method of reducing SHS exposure. Effective July 24, 2003, New York implemented a comprehensive state law requiring almost all indoor workplaces and public places (e.g., restaurants, bars, and other hospitality venues) to be smoke-free. This report describes an assessment of changes in indoor air quality that occurred in 20 hospitality venues in western New York where smoking or indirect SHS exposure from an adjoining room was observed at baseline. The findings indicate that, on average, levels of respirable suspended particles (RSPs), an accepted marker for SHS levels, decreased 84% in these venues after the law took effect. Comprehensive clean indoor air policies can rapidly and effectively reduce SHS exposure in hospitality venues.     

Bar workers' exposure to second-hand smoke: the effect of Scottish smoke-free legislation on occupational exposure

OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in bar workers' exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) over a 12-month period before and after the introduction of Scottish smoke-free legislation on the 26 March 2006. METHODS: A total of 371 bar workers were recruited from 72 bars in three cities: Aberdeen, Glasgow, Edinburgh and small towns in two rural regions (Borders and Aberdeenshire). Prior to the introduction of the smoke-free legislation, we visited all participants in their place of work and collected saliva samples, for the measurement of cotinine, together with details on work patterns, self-reported exposure to SHS at work and non-work settings and smoking history. This was repeated 2 months post-legislation and again in the spring of 2007. In addition, we gathered full-shift personal exposure data from a small number of Aberdeen bar workers using a personal aerosol monitor for fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) at the baseline and 2 months post-legislation visits. RESULTS: Data were available for 371 participants at baseline, 266 (72%) at 2 months post-legislation and 191 (51%) at the 1-year follow-up. The salivary cotinine level recorded in non-smokers fell from a geometric mean of 2.94 ng ml(-1) prior to introduction of the legislation to 0.41 ng ml(-1) at 1-year follow-up. Paired data showed a reduction in non-smokers' cotinine levels of 89% [95% confidence interval (CI) 85-92%]. For the whole cohort, the duration of workplace exposure to SHS within the last 7 days fell from 28.5 to 0.83 h, though some bar workers continued to report substantial SHS exposures at work despite the legislation. Smokers also demonstrated reductions in their salivary cotinine levels of 12% (95% CI 3-20%). This may reflect both the reduction in SHS exposure at work and falls in active cigarette smoking in this group. In a small sub-sample of bar workers, full-shift personal exposure to PM(2.5), a marker of SHS concentrations, showed average reductions of 86% between baseline and 2 months after implementation of the legislation. CONCLUSIONS: Most bar workers have experienced very large reductions in their workplace exposure to SHS as a result of smoke-free legislation in Scotland. These reductions have been sustained over a period of 1 year.     

Secondhand smoke exposure in young people and parental rules against smoking at home and in the car

Objectives

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is an important cause of morbidity in children. We assessed the impact of family rules about smoking in the home and car on SHS exposure prevalence in students in grades six to 12.

Methods

We studied never-smoking young people (n=1,698) in the random sample cross-sectional South Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey, a 2006 survey of middle and high school students in South Carolina.

Results

Overall, 40% of the students reported SHS exposure in either the home or car in the past week; among these, 85% reported exposure in cars. Subsequent analyses focused on students who lived with a smoker (n=602). Compared with those whose families prohibited smoking in the home or car, SHS exposure prevalence was 30% (p<0.0001) higher for households with smoke-free rules for only one place (home or car) and 36% (p<0.0001) higher for households with no rules. Compared with students from households with strict rules, SHS exposure prevalence was 48% greater (p<0.0001) among those with only partial rules against smoking in the home or car, and 55% (p<0.0001) greater among those from households with no rules. Similarly, compared with students with strict family rules for home and car that were adhered to, SHS exposure prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.0001) among students when only one or no rules were followed.

Conclusions

Young people from families that made and enforced strong rules against smoking in homes and cars were much less likely to report SHS exposure. Parents would be wise to endorse and enforce strong smoke-free policies for both homes and cars.Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with many adverse health effects on children including sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory infections, asthma, and otitis media.¹ The established negative effects of SHS on child health have led the American Academy of Pediatrics^2,3 and the American Medical Association⁴ to urge pediatricians and physicians in other medical specialties to assist parents in protecting their children from tobacco smoke.The two places where children may be at greatest risk of SHS exposure are family homes and cars. One way that parents can protect their children from SHS exposure is to make rules prohibiting smoking in these places. Thus far, studies of rulemaking have tended to focus on SHS exposure in homes,^5–14 with results suggesting that establishing strong smoke-free rules in homes is a promising strategy to reduce children''s household exposure to SHS.Given the concentrated pollution levels found within the small enclosed area of a car,¹⁵ rules to protect children against SHS exposure in cars may be important. The study of children''s exposure to SHS in cars is a timely topic given that some states, such as Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and Maine, have enacted legislation against smoking in the car when children are present. However, cars have received relatively scant attention from researchers as a source of SHS exposure. Little is known about the prevalence of SHS exposure in cars, let alone whether rules prohibiting smoking in cars are beneficial in reducing SHS exposure in young people. Previous studies to report on the relationship between rules against smoking in the car and SHS exposure generated promising findings, indicating that smoking bans in cars were associated with a sevenfold decrease in children''s SHS exposure¹³ and significant reductions in salivary cotinine levels, a biomarker of SHS exposure.¹⁶Family rules concerning smoke-free homes and cars can be effective toward establishing a smoke-free environment only to the extent that such rules are enforced. Few studies have considered the impact of both rulemaking and rule enforcement on SHS exposure. The only previous report to explore how completeness of smoke-free rules affects SHS exposure was not a study of child SHS exposure.⁵ To address these current gaps in the evidence, we assessed the influence on children''s SHS exposure of family rulemaking and rule enforcement related to smoking in the home and in the car.     

Effects of An Occupational Therapy Memory Strategy Education Group Intervention on Irish Older Adults’ Self-Management of Everyday Memory Difficulties

An occupational therapy memory strategy education group (MSEG) was developed to assist clients with varying levels of memory impairment to adopt strategies to manage memory impairment in their daily lives. Participants were healthy older adults presenting with subjective memory complaints (SMC, n?=?14), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n?=?33), or early stages of dementia (n?=?13). Clients and their caregivers attended a one-hour session each week for six weeks. Outcome measures were taken at baseline, two weeks post completion of the group, and at a 3-month follow-up for 47 participants. Statistically significant improvements post-program were scored on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (p?=?0.001) and a dementia quality of life measure (p?=?0.02), with increased use of external memory aids (p?<?0.001) and significant improvements in participants’ self-ratings of performance (p?<?0.001) and satisfaction with their performance (p?<?0.001) using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Findings suggest positive outcomes that were maintained at 3-month follow-up and thus, support the role of occupational therapy in delivering occupation-focused memory strategy programs.     

A sodium-bicarbonated mineral water reduces gallbladder emptying and postprandial lipaemia: A randomised four-way crossover study

Background

Sodium-bicarbonated mineral waters are reported to have beneficial digestive and hypocholesterolaemic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water (BW) with or without a meal, compared to a low mineral content water as the control water (CW), on postprandial serum triacylglycerols (TAG), cholecystokinin (CCK) and gallbladder volume.

Methods

The study design was a four-way randomised controlled crossover trial. Healthy adult men and women (>18 and <40?years, TAG <2.82?mmol/L) consumed 0.5?L of CW?+?standard meal; 0.5?L of BW?+?standard meal; and 0.5?L of CW without meal or 0.5?L of BW without meal.

Results

BW consumed without meal had no significant effect on the study parameters compared to CW. However, BW with meal induced a lower concentration of serum TAG at 30?min (p?=?0.01) and 60?min (p?=?0.03) postprandial times, lower CCK concentrations at 30?min (p?=?0.002), and higher gallbladder volume at 30?min (p?=?0.03), 60?min (p?=?0.01) and 120?min (p?=?0.04). Gallbladder ejection fraction was lower with the BW (p?=?0.03), whilst area under the curve and peak contraction amplitude (lowest gallbladder volume) were higher (p?=?0.01, p?=?0.02, respectively) compared to the CW.

Conclusion

Consumption of BW with a meal induces lower levels of CCK and reduces gallbladder emptying and postprandial TAG levels. It is proposed that this sodium-bicarbonated mineral water could be used as part of the habitual diet by the general population in order to reduce cardiovascular risk.     

Effect of two dosages of sodium chloride intake on the blood pressure response to caffeinated coffee in humans in vivo

Abstract

High sodium intake increases cardiovascular risk by increasing blood pressure. The intake of coffee elevates blood pressure acutely. Preclinical evidence shows that this action of caffeine is enhanced by high salt intake. We hypothesised that high sodium intake augments the acute blood pressure response to coffee in humans. A randomised cross-over study (n?=?15) was performed comparing the effect of lower (6?g/d; LS) with higher (12?g/d; HS) sodium chloride diet on blood pressure before and 2?h after regular coffee intake. Baseline blood pressure was 115?±?4/84?±?2/68?±?1 during LS and 121?±?4/89?±?2/69?±?1?mmHg during HS (SBP/Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)/DBP; mean?±?SE, p?<?0.05 for SBP). During LS, blood pressure increased to 121?±?4/91?±?2/73?±?1 (p?<?0.05 for SBP, MAP, DBP versus baseline). HS did not significantly affect the impact of coffee on blood pressure (p?>?0.3 for SBP, DBP; p?>?0.05 for MAP). Sodium intake does not relevantly modulate the impact of regular coffee consumption on blood pressure.     

Effect of smoke-free patio policy of restaurants and bars on exposure to second-hand smoke

ObjectiveWhile there is increasing support for restricting smoking in restaurant and bar patios, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of this policy. This study examined the effect of smoke-free patio policy of restaurants and bars on adult second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure.MethodsData were drawn from the 2005–2012 Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (n = 89,743), a repeated cross-sectional survey of youth and adult. Regression analysis, a quasi-experimental design was used to examine the effect of provincial smoke-free patio policy on self-reported exposure to SHS.ResultsAnalyses suggest that exposure to SHS on patios of bars and restaurants declined following the adoption of provincial smoke-free patio policy. Relative to pre-policy SHS exposure, regression results showed a reduction in the probability of SHS exposure of up to 25% in Alberta. Similarly, in Nova Scotia, the probability of SHS exposure declined by up to 21%. Analyses stratified by smoking status found similar significant effect on both smokers and non-smokers.ConclusionsFindings suggest that provincial patio smoking ban on bars and restaurants had the intended effect of protecting non-smokers from SHS exposure. This study is consistent with a large body of evidence showing that a strong smoke-free legislation is an effective public health measure.     

Relationship Between B-Vitamin Biomarkers and Dietary Intake with Apolipoprotein E є4 in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

The potential for B-vitamins to reduce plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been described previously. However, the role of Apolipoprotein E ?4 (APOE4) in this relationship has not been adequately addressed. This case-control study explored APOE4 genotype in an Australian sample of 63 healthy individuals (female?=?38; age?=?76.9?±?4.7 y) and 63 individuals with AD (female?=?35, age?=?77.1?±?5.3 y). Findings revealed 55 of 126 participants expressed the APOE4 genotype with 37 of 126 having both AD and the APOE4 genotype. Analysis revealed an increased likelihood of AD when Hcy levels are >11.0 µmol/L (p?=?0.012), cysteine levels were <255?µmol/L (p?=?0.033) and serum folate was <22.0?nmol/L (p?=?0.003; in males only). In females, dietary intake of total folate <336 µg/day (p=0.001), natural folate <270?µg/day (p?=?0.011), and vitamin B2?<?1.12?mg/day (p?=?0.028) was associated with an increased AD risk. These results support Hcy, Cys, and SF as useful biomarkers for AD, irrespective of APOE4 genotype and as such should be considered as part of screening and managing risk of AD.     

Reduced secondhand smoke exposure after implementation of a comprehensive statewide smoking ban--New York, June 26, 2003-June 30, 2004

dSecondhand smoke (SHS) causes premature disease and death in nonsmokers, including heart disease and lung cancer. The Surgeon General has concluded that no risk-free level of SHS exposure exists; the only way to fully protect nonsmokers is to completely eliminate smoking in indoor spaces. Studies have determined that levels of airborne particulate matter in restaurants, bars, and other hospitality venues and levels of SHS exposure among nonsmoking hospitality employees decrease substantially and rapidly after implementation of laws that prohibit smoking in indoor workplaces and public places. To assess changes in indoor SHS exposure in a general population, the New York State Department of Health analyzed data on observations of indoor smoking by respondents to the New York Adult Tobacco Survey (NYATS) and measured levels of cotinine in saliva among nonsmoking NYATS respondents before and after implementation of the 2003 New York state ban on smoking in indoor workplaces and public places. This report describes the results of that analysis, which determined that reports of indoor smoking among restaurant and bar patrons decreased significantly after the law took effect; moreover, saliva cotinine levels in nonsmoking NYATS participants decreased by 47.4% over the same period. These findings suggest that comprehensive smoking bans can reduce SHS exposure among nonsmokers.     

Bariatric surgery reduces CD36-bearing microvesicles of endothelial and monocyte origin

Background

Bariatric surgery is a widely adopted treatment for obesity and its secondary complications. In the past decade, microvesicles (MVs) and CD36 have increasingly been considered as possible biomarkers for obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetSy), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate how weight loss resulting from bariatric surgery affects levels of specific MV phenotypes and their expression of CD36 scavenger receptor. Additionally, we hypothesised that subjects with MetSy had higher baseline concentrations of investigated MV phenotypes.

Methods

Twenty individuals undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery were evaluated before and 3 months after surgery. MVs were characterised by flow cytometry at both time points and defined as lactadherin-binding particles within a 100-1000 nm size gate. MVs of monocyte (CD14) and endothelial (CD62E) origin were defined by cell-specific markers, and their expression of CD36 was investigated.

Results

Following bariatric surgery, subjects incurred an average BMI reduction (delta) of ??8.4?±?1.4 (p?<?0.0001). Significant reductions were observed for the total MVs (??66.55%, p?=?0.0017) and MVs of monocyte (??36.11%, p?=?0.0056) and endothelial (??40.10%, p?=?0.0007) origins. Although the bulk of CD36-bearing MVs were unaltered, significant reductions were observed for CD36-bearing MVs of monocyte (??60.04%, p?=?0.0192) and endothelial (??54.93%, p?=?0.04) origin. No differences in levels of MVs were identified between subjects who presented with MetSy at baseline (n?=?13) and those that did not (n?=?7).

Conclusion

Bariatric surgery resulted in significantly altered levels of CD36-bearing MVs of monocyte and endothelial origin. This likely reflects improvements in ectopic fat distribution, plasma lipid profile, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress following weight loss. Conversely, however, the presence of MetSy at baseline had no impact on MV phenotypes.