Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect of Enicostemma littorale Blume aqueous extract in cholesterol fed rats

Enicostemma littorale aqueous extract (1.5 g/100 g body weight/day, p.o.) was administered to rats along with hypercholesterolaemic diet for 6 weeks and the hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect was evaluated. Feeding cholesterol increased serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and decreased HDL levels as compared to normal diet fed rats. Enicostemma littorale treatment increased HDL levels and decreased serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, treatment with the extract showed a decrease in activities of erythrocyte catalase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation levels, with an increase in reduced glutathione levels as compared to cholesterol fed untreated rats. Liver and kidney cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels were also decreased in Enicostemma littorale treated rats. Hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity was significantly reduced in the extract treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Lovastatin was used as a reference drug. The hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect of Enicostemma littorale aqueous extract in cholesterol fed rats is being reported for the first time.     

Ginkgo biloba extract prevents ethanol induced dyslipidemia

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) functions as a natural substantial antioxidant and hypolipidemic. Chronic alcohol abuse leads to sustained dyslipidemia characterized by hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation. Thus, the present study investigates the effect of EGB on lipid disorders induced by ethanol in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with ethanol (2.4 g/kg), and pretreated with a daily dose of low or high EGB (48 or 96 mg/kg, respectively). During the experiment, serum was collected on day 30, 60, and 90. Serum lipid profile, including lipid peroxidation, was determined by colorimetric methods. Our data showed that ethanol intake resulted in a time-dependent increase in serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and a decrease of the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) against TC. EGB prophylactic medication (48 and 96 mg/kg), especially at the high dose, significantly increased HDL-C content, and normalized the abnormal lipid profile and peroxidation in comparison to ethanol-fed only rats. These results suggest that ethanol results in time-dependent hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and promotes serum lipid peroxidation. EGB pretreatment prevents hyperlipidemia and ameliorates lipid peroxidation induced by ethanol.     

Lipid lowering activity of Phyllanthus niruri in hyperlipemic rats

The lipid lowering activity (LLA) of Phyllanthus niruri has been studied in triton and cholesterol fed hyperlipemic rats. Serum lipids were lowered by P. niruri extract orally fed (250 mg/kg b.w.) to the triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipemic rats. Chronic feeding of this drugs (100 mg/kg b.w.) in animals simultaneously fed with cholesterol (25 mg/kg b.w.) for 30 days caused lowering in the lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL in experimental animals. The LLA of this drug is mediated through inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, increased faecal bile acids excretion and enhanced plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity.     

电针对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠血脂及脂质过氧化反应的影响

目的：研究电针对非酒精性脂肪肝（Non—alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）大鼠血脂及脂质过氧化反应的影响。方法：用高脂饲料诱导大鼠脂肪肝模型,同时给予电针治疗,观察肝组织病理形态的变化。测定血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆回醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆回醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）;肝内丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）以及谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量的变化。结果：与脂肪肝模型组比较,电针组的肝组织脂肪变性和炎性损伤得以改善。血清TC、TG、LDL—C,肝内MDA、TG、TC显著降低,血清HDL—C,肝内SOD、GSH活性升高。结论：电针通过降低血脂,抑制氧化过程,减轻脂质过氧化反应,使肝组织的脂肪变性和炎性损伤得以改善。     

Soy‐diet has beneficial effects on cardiovascular parameters that are independent of its lipid effect in male hypercholesterolemic rats

Diet‐induced atherosclerosis is lower in animals fed soy protein. The effects of various soy components have been extensively studied; however, little is known about the effect of crude soybean feeding on hypercholesterolemia‐induced cardiovascular changes. This study investigated the effect of soy feeding on cardiovascular parameters in hypercholesterolemic male rats. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Rats were randomly assigned to control, high cholesterol (HC, 2% cholesterol) or HC + soy (HC+S) diets. In the HC+S group, rats received HC diet for 10 weeks followed by 2 weeks of soybean feeding. Arterial blood pressure, TC, TG, LDL and HDL were measured. TC, TG and LDL were higher in HC rats and were not significantly reduced by soybean feeding. Soy feeding reversed the HC‐induced increase in arterial blood pressure and also restored the impaired vascular responses to acetylcholine in isolated aortic rings. Pre‐incubation of HC+S aortic rings with L‐NAME (10^?5 M for 20 min) partially reduced the effects of soy on acetylcholine responses, indicating that the beneficial vascular effects of dietary soy are partially mediated via nitric oxide pathway. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats

The present study was conducted to determine whether lyophilized aqueous extract of alfalfa, or Medicago sativa L. could exert antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. The hepatoprotective activity of alfalfa extract was determined by assessing the levels of serum transaminases, ALP, bilirubin and lipid profile. Further, the effect of the test substance on malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation; antioxidant liver enzyme non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH); and total protein (TP) were also studied. Serum transaminase, ALP, bilirubin level, lipid profile and liver MDA were significantly elevated and the antioxidant status in liver NP-SH and TP contents were declined in animals treated with CCl (4) alone. Pretreatment with alfalfa and silymarin for three weeks prior to the administration of CCl (4) significantly prevented the increase in the serum levels of hepatic marker, LDL, VLDL levels enzymes and reduced oxidative stress indicated by elevated NP-SH and TP concentration. The histopathological examination of the livers also showed that the alfalfa extract reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl (4). The in vitro antioxidant assessment of alfalfa extract on DPPH and carotene-linoleic assays demonstrated a moderate antioxidant potential. Results suggest that the alfalfa extract possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidative stress properties possibly through its antioxidant phytochemical constituents and substantiates its use in various liver disorders as a hepatoprotector.     

淡豆豉对去卵巢大鼠脂代谢的影响

目的　探讨淡豆豉抗动脉硬化机制。方法 :采用大鼠去卵巢的方法建立脂代谢紊乱模型 ,观察血脂、脂蛋白、脂质过氧化物的变化。结果 :淡豆豉治疗 12周后 ,甘油三酯 (TG)、氧化低密度脂蛋白 (OX LDL)和丙二醛(MDA)明显较去卵巢组降低 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,高密度脂蛋白 (HDL c)、载脂蛋白 (apo AI)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力明显较去卵巢组升高 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。结论 :淡豆豉抗动脉硬化机制与其调节血脂、抗氧化有关。     

泽泻颗粒抗家兔动脉粥样硬化形成的实验研究

目的探讨泽泻颗粒抗新西兰兔动脉粥样硬化形成的作用及其机制。方法将新西兰兔36只随机分空白对照组、模型对照组及泽泻颗粒低、高剂量组,各9只。模型对照组及泽泻颗粒低、高剂量组采用高脂饲料和一次性动脉注射牛血清白蛋白的方法复制动脉粥样硬化模型。泽泻颗粒低、高剂量组均予泽泻颗粒灌胃,浓度分别为7.6、15.2 g/kg,灌胃容量2 mL/kg;模型对照组、空白对照组予与泽泻颗粒低剂量组同容量的蒸馏水。从实验第36日开始,每日灌胃1次,共4周。检测实验前后总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、血清丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的变化情况,并进行主动脉的病理学检查。结果泽泻颗粒高、低剂量组TC、LDL、SOD给药前后差值与模型对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);泽泻颗粒低剂量组TG、HDL、MDA给药前后差值与模型对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。且泽泻颗粒低剂量组的主动脉内膜增厚程度及结缔组织成分均较模型对照组轻。结论泽泻颗粒调节血脂和抗氧化作用可能是其抗动脉粥样硬化作用的主要机制。     

Osthole improves alcohol-induced fatty liver in mice by reduction of hepatic oxidative stress

The aim of our study was to examine the therapeutic effect of osthole, an active constituent isolated from the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, on alcohol‐induced fatty liver in mice and investigate its potential mechanisms of treatment. A mouse alcoholic fatty liver model was established by feeding 52% alcohol for 4 weeks. These experimental mice were then treated with osthole 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg for 6 weeks. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) and hepatic tissue contents of TC, TG and malondialdehyde (MDA) in osthole‐treated groups were significantly decreased, while the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased compared with the model group. Moreover, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) mRNA expressions in mouse liver were significantly decreased, and the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1A mRNA expression was increased by osthole treatment. Importantly, the histological evaluation of liver demonstrated that osthole dramatically decreased lipid accumulation. It was concluded that osthole was effective in treating mouse alcoholic fatty liver, and its main mechanisms might be related to reduction of hepatic oxidative stress, including the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhancement of antioxidative enzyme activity, and reduction of lipid accumulation and peroxidation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of oral Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Leaf extract in albino rats fed on a high fat diet

Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. leaf extract (25–100 mg/kg) when orally administered to experimentally induced hyperlipidaemic rats for 2 weeks, reduced the elevated serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. The decreased serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and antiatherogenic index (AAI) in hyperlipidaemia were also reversed towards normalization. The ability of this extract (at 100 mg/kg) to lower TG and TC in serum and its antiatherosclerotic potential were almost similar to that of a standard lipid lowering agent—clofibrate.     

Consumption of Argan Oil Improves Anti‐Oxidant and Lipid Status in Hemodialysis Patients

Objective: Virgin Argan oil (VAO) is of interest in oxidative stress and lipid profile because of its fat composition and antioxidant compounds. We investigated the effect of VAO consumption on lipid profile and antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients after a 4‐week period of consumption. Methods: In a crossover, controlled trial, 37 patients (18 men, 19 women) with end‐stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis, were randomly assigned to a 4‐week VAO diet. Fasting plasma lipids, vitamin E and oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) were analyzed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined before and after hemodialysis session. Results: There was no significant change in serum total cholesterol and ox‐LDL. However, VAO consumption decreased the levels of triglyceride (p = 0.03), total cholesterol (p = 0.02) and low‐density lipoprotein (p = 0.03) and increased the levels of high‐density lipoprotein (p = 0.01). Plasma vitamin E contents significantly increased from baseline only in VAO‐group (p < 0.001). Hemodialysis session increased MDA levels, but the increase in VAO group was less than in control group. Conclusion: VAO consumption improved lipid profile and oxidative stress status in hemodialysis patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

六味地黄方对高脂血症大鼠血管内皮细胞的保护作用

目的:研究六味地黄方对高脂血症大鼠血管内皮细胞的保护作用。方法:高脂饮食建立高脂血症大鼠模型,观察大鼠血脂、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)及外周血循环内皮细胞(CEC)的变化。结果:高脂模型组血清TC、TG、LDLC、MDA、CEC均明显升高,HDLC、SOD、NO、NOS显著下降;六味地黄方可降低模型大鼠血清TC、TG、LDLC、MDA、CEC,升高HDLC、SOD、NO、NOS。结论:六味地黄方具有调节脂质代谢、抗脂质过氧化反应、升高NO水平,保护血管内皮细胞的作用。     

Amelioration of metformin‐induced hypothyroidism by Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea extracts in Type 2 diabetic mice

An investigation was carried out to reveal the possible ameliorative role of two plant extracts on an antidiabetic drug‐induced hypothyroidism in Type 2 diabetic animals. Dexamethasone (1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) administration caused hyperglycemia with a parallel increase in renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), relative risk ratio (RR), and the concentrations of serum insulin; total cholesterol (TC); low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C); very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) and triglycerides (TG). It decreased serum triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels as well as renal superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Administration with metformin (150 mg/kg, orally) to diabetic animals further reduced circulating T₄ level and caused severe hypothyroidism. It also reduced renal LPO, RR, serum concentrations of insulin; glucose and LDL‐C with a parallel increase in cellular antioxidants. While oral administration with either Withania somnifera (1.4 g/kg) or Bauhinia purpurea (2.5 mg/kg) extract along with dexamethasone and metformin elevated the concentrations of circulating T₃ and T₄ to euthyroid level. The plant extracts also corrected RR ratio and serum concentration of lipids. The findings of the present study, for the first time, reveal that the evaluated plant extracts have a potential to ameliorate metformin‐induced hypothyroidism in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the effect of extract from the stems of Schisandra chinensis(SCE) on high-fat diet (HFD)induced obesity in mice. METHODS The model of HFD induced obese model of C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks was established. The contents of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and hepatic triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), glutathione (GSH)and malondialdehyde(MDA) were measured. The pathological changes with H&E staining and oil red O was observed for investigating the effect of SCE in the obese mice. In addition, the assay of CYP2E1, 4-HNE using immunofluorescence staining and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein with Western blot analyzing was measured to explore the effect of SCE on lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response. RESULTS Compared with the HFD group, low and high dose groups of SCE significantly reduced the serum AST, ALT, TG, T-CHO, LDL-C and hepatic TG, TC and MDA levels, elevated the serum HDL-C and hepatic GSH levels and improved liver tissue steatosis, inflammatory infiltration and accumulation of lipid droplets, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. CONCLUSION SCE may improve lipid metabolism in HFD induced obese mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response.     

Hypolipidemic effect of Glycine tomentella root extract in hamsters

The influence of the aqueous crude extract of Glycine tomentella root (Leguminosae) on lipid metabolism was investigated in hyperlipidemic hamsters. It was found that the administration of the G. tomentella extract (GTE) leads to a decrease of high serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels induced by high-fat diet. The GTE also increased serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and decreased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The reduction of serum triglyceride levels was accompanied by a significant decrease in the hepatic triglyceride content, while the cholesterol content was not changed. The results indicate that GTE is definitely an anti-hyperlipidemic agent, at least, in animals.     

Hypolipidaemic Activity in Rats of Bergenin,the Major Constituent of Flueggea microcarpa

Oral administration of bergenin, isolated from the leaves of Flueggea microcarpa, to hyperlipidaemic rats for 14 days significantly decreased serum total lipid without much change in serum cholesterol and triglycerides. However, after 21 days of administration, the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)—cholesterol levels were significantly reduced while the serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level was elevated. Bergenin-treated animals also showed a significant decrease in atherogenic index.     

Hypolipidaemic effect of fenugreek seeds. A clinical study

The hypolipidaemic effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) was evaluated in ten hyperlipidaemic subjects. Isocaloric diets with and without fenugreek were each given for 20 days. Ingestion of experimental diets, containing 100 g of debitterized fenugreek powder, resulted in a significant reduction in the serum total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. HDL cholesterol levels were not altered but the ratio with total cholesterol and LDL and VLDL cholesterol were significantly increased. These results indicate the beneficial effect of fenugreek seeds in hyperlipidaemic patients.     

降脂通脉方对高脂血症大鼠血脂、脂质过氧化及一氧化氮的影响

目的观察降脂通脉方对高脂血症大鼠血脂及血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法采用高脂饲料喂饲法建立大鼠高脂血症模型,同时灌胃给予不同剂量的降脂通脉方[6.25、3.125、1.56 mg/(kg·d)]、血脂康0.2 g/(kg·d)干预。30 d后,停药24 h(空腹8 h以上)取血检测血脂及血清MDA含量、SOD活力和NO水平。结果降脂通脉方能降低高脂血症大鼠总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、MDA水平,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和NO水平以及SOD活力,效果以中、高剂量组为显著,与血脂康相当。结论提示降脂通脉方具有调脂、抗脂质过氧化以及保护血管内皮的作用。     

Olive Leaf Extract Improves the Atherogenic Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet

Coronary heart disease because of atherosclerosis is still the most common cause of mortality. Elevated levels of low‐density lipoprotein and total cholesterol are major risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the olive leaf extract on serum lipid profile, early changes of atherosclerosis and endothelium‐dependent relaxations in cholesterol‐fed rats. For this purpose, rats were fed by 2% cholesterol‐enriched or standard chow for 8 weeks. Some rats in each group were also fed orally by olive leaf extract at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg/day. Atorvastatin at dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight daily was also given as positive control. After 8 weeks, lipid profiles of rat serums were analyzed. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and degree of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde levels) were also measured in the hearts isolated from rats. In addition, expression of adhesion molecules and endothelium‐dependent relaxations of isolated thoracic aortas of rats were evaluated. Total cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol levels were found to be increased in cholesterol‐fed rats, and both doses of olive leaf extract and atorvastatin significantly decreased those levels. In conclusion, because the olive leaf extract attenuates the increased cholesterol levels, it may have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract in patients with hyperlipidemia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

Hyperlipidemia is a common metabolic disorder contributing to morbidities and mortalities due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Conventional antihyperlipidemic drugs have limited efficacies and important side effects, so that alternative lipid lowering agents are needed. Salvia officinalis L. (sage) leaves have PPAR γ agonistic, pancreatic lipase and lipid absorption inhibitory, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibitory and antiinflammatory effects. Thus, in this randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial with 67 hyperlipidemic (hypercholesterolemic and/or hypertriglyceridemic) patients aged 56.4 ± 30.3 years (mean ± SD), the effects of taking sage leaf extract (one 500 mg capsule every 8 h for 2 months) on fasting blood levels of lipids, creatinine and liver enzymes including SGOT and SGPT were evaluated in 34 patients and compared with the placebo group (n = 33). The extract lowered the blood levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001), LDL (p = 0.004) and VLDL (p = 0.001), but increased the blood HDL levels (p < 0.001) without any significant effects on the blood levels of SGOT, SGPT and creatinine (p > 0.05) compared with the placebo group at the endpoint. No adverse effects were reported. The results suggest that sage may be effective and safe in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.