腓动脉双穿支皮瓣设计的解剖学分析与临床应用

目的解剖分析小腿部腓动脉穿支的穿出规律及各穿支血管之间的联系,为临床设计腓动脉双穿支皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法新鲜小腿标本8例行动脉灌注乳胶-氧化铅,对腓动脉各穿支血管解剖结构主要是血管的形态、走形、分布进行研究分析,筛选适合做双穿支皮瓣的血管蒂。临床上应用7例,均为吻合双血管蒂皮瓣,并逐渐扩大皮瓣切取面积,皮瓣大小:5cm×9cm~8cm×15cm。结果腓动脉直径≥5mm的穿支血管4~5支,其中以第2支穿支外径最粗,外径为(0.94±0.11)mm、血管蒂较长,蒂长为(6.61±1.32)cm、皮瓣血供面积较大适合作为首选穿支蒂再联合其他穿支设计双穿支皮瓣。7例双皮支腓动脉穿支皮瓣均成活,随访3~12个月,穿支皮瓣质地优良,外观及功能恢复较佳。结论设计以第2穿支联合其他穿支的腓动脉双穿支皮瓣,皮瓣轴心线位于穿支点后侧,临床上可切取血供佳、面积较大的腓动脉穿支皮瓣。     

Clinical study of peroneal artery perforators with computed tomographic angiography: implications for fibular flap harvest

Purpose  

Previous studies of cutaneous perforators of the peroneal artery have shown great variability, and attest to the significant anatomical variability in this region. Furthermore, the vascular anatomy of the region has been considered unreliable in the prediction of ideal perforator topography. Preoperative imaging has been suggested as a means for improving preoperative awareness, with Doppler ultrasound and eco-colour (duplex) ultrasound as useful tools. Multi-detector row computed tomographic angiography (CTA or angio CT), has emerged as a significant improvement, providing non-invasive operator-independent details of the vascular anatomy. We utilised this tool to perform an in vivo, anatomical study of the peroneal artery perforators, and demonstrating the usefulness of CTA in planning the osteocutaneous free fibula flap.     

B超辅助定位小腿穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损

目的　探讨术前B超辅助定位设计小腿穿支螺旋桨皮瓣移植修复小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效。 方法　回顾性分析本院2012年1月~2017年10月收治的46例小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损患者临床资料：男33例,女13例;年龄27~68岁,平均48.2岁,缺损面积21 cm×8 cm~8.5 cm× 5.5 cm。患者均为二期修复,修复时间为伤后5~42 d,均采用小腿穿支螺旋桨皮瓣完成修复,胫后动脉穿支蒂31例,腓动脉穿支蒂15例。术前采用彩色多普勒超声（color doppler ultrasound,CDS）对穿支进行定位,根据穿支及创面情况设计皮瓣。术中验证穿支定位准确性,术后对皮瓣成活率、并发症及皮瓣7项指标进行疗效评价。 结果　术中见定位符合率达89.1%;定位误差＞1 cm的有5例,其中1例皮瓣术后完全坏死,4例皮瓣远端部分坏死。34例供区切口直接缝合;12例供区植皮,2例植皮出现部分坏死感染,其余供区愈合良好。本组有1例患者术后皮瓣周围感染伤口不愈合,2例供区植皮少部分坏死。术后3例失访,43例患者获得5~46个月随访（平均14.3个月）,按皮瓣功能7项指标评定,优14例,良23例,可3例,差3例,优良率为86.0%。 结论　术前CDS定位的小腿穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复小腿远端及足踝部创面效果良好,外观满意,临床实用性较高。     

CT血管成像个体化设计股前外侧穿支皮瓣在头颈外科手术中的应用

目的 探讨应用CTA个体化设计股前外侧穿支皮瓣(ALTPF)在头颈外科手术中的应用及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年3月—2014年6月四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的20例头颈部肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中男11例,女9例;年龄24～79岁,平均51.42岁;舌癌13例、 口底癌2 例、口颊癌 3例、下咽癌2例。患者均行原发灶扩大根治术及单侧或双侧颈淋巴结清扫术,病灶切除后创面软组织缺损范围6 cm×5 cm～10 cm×7 cm;根据术前CTA检查结果进行ALTPF的设计、定位,应用ALTPF移植修复头颈部肿瘤根治性切除术后的创面缺损;供区处理直接分层拉拢缝合。术中观察供区股前外侧穿支血管与术前影像学定位是否吻合;术后观察皮瓣成活、创面愈合情况,随访观察皮瓣质地、供区功能以及患者满意度。结果 20例患者均顺利完成手术,术中所见穿支与术前影像学定位分析均相符。其中切取单一游离ALTPF 12例,皮瓣大小6 cm×5 cm～10 cm×7 cm;一蒂双皮瓣3例、复合肌皮瓣5例,同蒂肌瓣大小2 cm×3 cm～3 cm×4 cm,血管蒂长7～10 cm,平均(8.0±2.23)cm。19例患者移植皮瓣完全存活;1例术后局部感染致皮瓣部分坏死,剪除坏死皮瓣、组织,予换药后残余皮瓣存活。20例中,供区创面一期愈合19例,因积液导致供区伤口愈合延迟1例。术后20例均获随访,随访时间6～30个月,平均13.6个月。随访期间移植皮瓣颜色及质地与周围组织相近,大腿供区无一例发生下肢功能障碍。18例患者无瘤生存,2例患者局部肿瘤复发,再次手术用胸大肌皮瓣修复。结论 术前CTA能精确提供ALTPF穿支血管的解剖学特征,指导不同类型ALTPF的术前设计,个体化修复头颈部肿瘤根治性切除术后的创面缺损。     

Arterial anatomy of the lateral orbital and cheek region and arterial supply to the “peri-zygomatic perforator arteries” flap

Arterial anatomy of the lateral orbital and cheek region and subsequently of the “peri-zygomatic perforator arteries” flap is described, based upon the dissection of the 24 human cadaver head halves. Each specimen was dissected in subdermal, first fascial and deep level. The subdermal vascular network of lateral orbital and cheek region, its orientation and contributing arteries were studied. Origin, perforation sites and diameters of transverse facial, zygomaticoorbital, zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal arteries were also described and measured. Our findings support the view that the cheek island flap used for lower eyelid is a reverse flow axial pattern flap. It includes arterioles of the transverse facial artery, which are part of the subdermal vascular plexus and are uniformly longitudinally oriented. The flap receives its blood supply via perforators of the zygomaticoorbital, zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal arteries, which are connected via their terminal branches with transverse facial artery.     

MSCTA辅助穿支皮瓣移植的初步报告

目的　探讨MSCTA在穿支皮瓣移植中应用的可行性。 方法　自2009年5月~2010年9月,我们对6例小腿、足踝软组织缺损病人拟行穿支皮瓣移植修复术,术前行MSCTA 检查,下肢血管三维成像,术中根据穿支皮瓣的穿支血管的位置、直径、分布情况,设计穿支皮瓣的血管蒂,皮瓣轴心线,以及皮瓣的大小,行穿支皮瓣移植手术。 结果　MSCTA图像显示：2例膝上外侧动脉穿支、4例胫后动脉穿支图像清晰,而且与皮瓣移植手术中解剖穿支血管情况完全一致。2例穿支皮瓣行吻合血管游离移植,4例穿支皮瓣带蒂转移,手术顺利完成。5例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣边缘坏死,1个月后皮瓣整形后愈合良好。 结论　MSCTA图像在穿支皮瓣移植手术中提供有价值的解剖路径,对穿支血管显影有良好的敏感性,缩短了手术时间,明显提高手术的准确性。因此,MSCTA在穿支皮瓣移植中的应用具有良好的可行性。     

The effect of anterior abdominal wall scars on the vascular anatomy of the abdominal wall: A cadaveric and clinical study with clinical implications

The anterior abdominal wall integument is frequently used in a range of reconstructive flaps. These tissues are supplied by the deep and superficial inferior epigastric arteries (DIEA and SIEAs) and the deep and superficial superior epigastric arteries (DSEA and SSEAs). Previous abdominal wall surgery alters this vascular anatomy and may influence flap design. One hundred and sixty‐eight patients underwent abdominal wall computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for preoperative imaging. Fifty‐eight of these patients had undergone previous abdominal surgery, and were assessed for scar pattern and relationship to the course and distribution of all major axial vessels and perforators. Two cadaveric abdominal wall specimens with midline abdominal scars underwent contrast injection of the DIEAs and DSEAs, with subsequent CTA. The course and distribution of all cutaneous vessels were assessed. In all clinical and cadaveric cases, the vasculature of the abdominal wall had been altered by previous surgery. In the clinical cases, vascular architecture was universally altered in the region of the scar, often modifying the filling patterns of the abdominal wall and occasionally precluding the use of an abdominal wall flap. In both cadaveric specimens, regions of non‐filling were evident upon contrast injection, highlighting the angiosomes not supplied by the DIEA or DSEA. Previous abdominal wall surgery necessarily alters the vascular architecture of the abdominal wall, and may alter the source vessels supplying cutaneous tissues. CTA was useful in identifying and delineating these changes, and may be used as a preoperative tool in this role. Clin. Anat. 22:815–822, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Reviewing the vascular supply of the anterior abdominal wall: redefining anatomy for increasingly refined surgery

The abdominal wall integument is becoming the standard donor tissue for postmastectomy breast reconstruction, with its vascular supply of key importance to the reconstructive surgeon. Refinements in tissue transfer, from pedicled to free flaps and musculocutaneous to perforator flaps, have required increasing understanding of finer levels of this vascular anatomy. The widespread utilization of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) perforator flap, particularly for breast reconstruction, has rekindled clinical interest in further levels of anatomical detail, in particular the location and course of the musculocutaneous perforators of the DIEA. Advances in operative techniques, and anatomical and imaging technologies, have facilitated an increase in this understanding. The current review comprises an appraisal of both the anatomical and clinical literature, with a view to highlighting the key anatomical features of the abdominal wall vasculature as related to reconstructive flaps.     

Perforator Flap versus Conventional Flap

The introduction of perforator flaps represented a significant advance in microsurgical reconstruction. However, confusion has developed due to the erroneous belief that perforator flaps are different from conventional flaps. The concept of the perforator is not new, but is an idea that evolved from the conventional flap. In fact, some of the flaps used by microsurgeons were perforator flaps. The only difference is the anatomical level of the blood vessels involved; the perforator concept is focused on the distal circulation, so-called ''perforator''. Therefore, thinner sections of tissue can be taken from the conventional donor sites of myocutaneous flaps. With the use of perforators, there are no longer "flap of choice" for specific reconstructions, because conventional donor sites have become universal donor sites, enabling the harvesting of a variety of flaps. Moreover, depending on the surgeon''s ability, any flap can be utilized as a perforator-based island flap whose source vessel has been completely preserved. Therefore, tissues can be efficiently customized and tailored into any configuration required for reconstruction. The application of perforator flap technique enables more precise dissection, and allows more selective harvesting of thinner flaps, which will expand options in reconstructive surgery. No doubt the technique will continue to evolve.

Graphical Abstract

相似文献   

股前外侧皮瓣穿支及其源动脉CTA影像特点观测

目的　观测股前外侧皮瓣穿支及其源动脉CTA影像特点,为CTA在股前外侧穿支皮瓣“个性化”设计中的应用提供指导。 方法　收集28侧成人下肢CTA扫描数据,应用AW4.6工作站,重建三维图像,对旋股外侧动脉降支（DB）及其分支进行观测,统计数据包括穿支走行、数目、深筋膜穿出点位置,穿支源动脉走行、长度、内径。 结果　DB可分为共干型（Ⅰ型,64.2%）和单支型（Ⅱ型,35.8%）。28侧下肢总计发现穿支37支,其中3侧未发现明显穿支（10.7%）、15侧发现1支（53.6%）、9侧发现2支（32.1%）、1侧发现3支（3.6%）;Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型DB平均每侧穿支数为(1.5±0.78)支、（1.0±0.66）支,肌间隙型穿支占比为37%、40%。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型DB初级源动脉起始内径为(1.3±0.31)mm、(1.0±0.54)mm。 结论　CTA在观测股前外侧皮瓣穿支及及其源动脉解剖学参数方面具有较高应用价值,可以为股前外侧穿支皮瓣“个性化”设计提供指导。     

Image-guided,stereotactic perforator flap surgery: a prospective comparison of current techniques and review of the literature

Background  Image-guided stereotaxy is a recent advancement in imaging technology, allowing computer guidance to aid surgical planning and accuracy. Despite the use of multiple techniques for patient registration in several surgical specialities, only fiducial marker registration has been described for use in soft tissue reconstructive surgery. The current study comprises an evaluation of the current techniques available for this purpose. Methods  A cohort of nine consecutive patients planned for elective free flaps were recruited, with the first five patients (four for the abdominal wall and one anterolateral thigh donor site) undergoing fiducial marker registration with a variable number of fiducial markers in order to determine the optimal number of fiducial markers to be used. Four subsequent patients undergoing perforator flap surgery underwent registration using three available registration modalities: fiducial marker registration, surface matching pointer/landmark and surface matching laser registration. Results  For the abdominal wall, registration was not able to be achieved with five fiducial markers, and was successfully achieved in all cases with either six or seven fiducial markers. For the anterolateral thigh, registration was achieved with either nine or ten markers. The four patients who also underwent surface-landmark registration and ‘Z-touch’ laser surface matching registration all failed the registration process. Conclusion  Stereotactic navigation is a useful adjunct to the preoperative imaging of perforator flaps. Fiducial marker registration was able to be achieved in all cases, can be successfully achieved with a low and predictable number of fiducial markers, is highly accurate, and was the only reliable registration process in our experience. W. M. Rozen and A. Buckland are equal first authors. Ethical Approval : Institutional Ethical Approval was obtained through Melbourne Health HREC #2006.231.     

小腿胫后动脉及其穿支皮瓣在下肢难治性创面修复中的应用

目的探讨以胫后动脉及其穿支为血管蒂的小腿内侧皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法切取小腿内侧皮瓣,其中带血管蒂转移32例,交腿转移2例,游离移植2例和穿支皮瓣带蒂转移6例,修复下肢软组织缺损创面。结果临床应用小腿内侧皮瓣共42例,其中完全成活39例,经6个月～2年的随访,皮瓣成活良好。皮瓣部分坏死2例,经换药和植皮,创面愈合,完全坏死1例,需另行修复。结论小腿内侧皮瓣具有供血丰富、抗感染能力强、血管蒂长的优点,特别适合用于修复小腿下段和足部的难治性创面,疗效满意;其穿支皮瓣用于修复踝部和足跟,可避免损伤主要动脉。     

足内侧穿支皮瓣设计的解剖基础

目的    为足内侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖基础。  方法　对8侧乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本足内侧区进行显微解剖,观测各穿支血管的位置、数目、外径、蒂长及吻合等情况。  结果　足内侧区皮肤的血供有：足底内侧动脉、内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉和母趾胫侧动脉。足底内侧动脉浅支穿母展肌在舟骨粗隆附近浅出,外径（1.08±0.20）mm;深支从母展肌和趾短屈肌的间隙内向足底内侧平均发出5.3支穿支,平均外径（0.63±0.25）mm,蒂长（0.93±0.31）cm;内侧深支的内侧支由舟骨粗隆前（1.92±0.61）cm处从母展肌上缘浅出至足内侧。母趾胫侧动脉从第一跖趾关节近侧（2.03±0.56）cm处穿出至足内侧。足底内侧动脉浅支、内侧深支的内侧支与内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉吻合形成展肌上缘动脉弓,动脉弓的远端与母趾胫侧动脉相吻合。  结论　足内侧穿支皮瓣可设计以不同的穿支为蒂进行带蒂转移,修复前足、踝部及足跟周围软组织缺损,也可设计游离皮瓣修复手指掌侧软组织缺损。     

Delineation the anatomy of posterior tibial artery perforator flaps using human cadavers with a modified technique

Background

To delineate the distribution and course layer of the perforator vessels using a modified technique.

Methods

Twelve perforator flaps were obtained from the crura of six fresh adult cadavers. The flaps were randomized into three groups (n = 4 per group): the full-thickness flap group; the deep fascia-free flap group, and the subcutaneous adipose layer-free group. The flaps were smoothened on a silk screen on a batten frame and the isolated flaps were perfused at a perfusion pressure of 140 mmHg for 10 min via the trunk of the posterior tibial artery. Perforator flaps were photographed using a digital camera and radiographed using a mammography device. The imaging data were processed by digital software system.

Results

The mean number of the posterior tibial artery perforator was 4.17 ± 0.94. The three relatively constant perforators varied in the projection points as well as the diameter and the length. The vascular branches and courses of the perforators were clearly visible on the mammograms. Elimination of all the deep fascia or the subcutaneous adipose tissues in the distal portion had no significant impact on the blood supply of posterior tibial artery perforator flaps while the vascular areas of the artery perforators were significantly reduced after the subcutaneous adipose tissue was eliminated in the proximal portion.

Conclusions

We developed an effective modified technique for delineating the vascular territory on perforator flaps of different thicknesses. Our results provide significant guidance for clinical surgeons by providing them with more detailed anatomical knowledge of perforator flaps.

     

基于活体造影数据的股深动脉穿动脉穿支血管的数字解剖学研究

目的　探讨基于活体造影数据重建股深动脉穿动脉穿支皮瓣血供三维数字化模型的可行性,为临床股深动脉穿动脉穿支皮瓣的应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　选择8例需行皮瓣移植的患者作为研究对象,采用DSA结合CT血管成像技术获取一侧大腿二维断层图像数据,应用 Mimics 软件对股深动脉穿动脉及其穿支进行三维可视化重建,利用软件自带测量工具筛选合适穿支。 结果　利用 Mimics 软件成功重建了股深动脉穿动脉及其穿支的三维可视化模型,能清晰显示股深动脉穿动脉及其穿支的分布、走行及穿支穿出深筋膜位置。8例患者中6例发现3支穿动脉,2例发现4支穿动脉。这些穿动脉共发出66支皮肤穿支（以大于0.5 mm为标准）,穿支在穿深筋膜平面内径(0.9±0.26)mm, 穿支浅出深筋膜点主要分布于坐骨结节与股骨外上髁的连线附近。 结论　基于活体造影数据可以重建清晰股深动脉穿动脉及其穿支血管的3D立体影像,可为临床股深动脉穿动脉穿支皮瓣的术前设计与皮瓣切取提供解剖学依据。     

The number of intercostal artery perforators over the distal latissimus dorsi muscle

With the increasing popularity of perforator flaps as “musculocutaneous flaps without muscle,” a new interest in the intercostal vessels as source vessels for perforator flaps has arisen. In a recent study, the branches of the three lowermost intercostal vessels to the latissimus dorsi were studied in detail. Now that these muscular branches are well understood, the present study examines how many of these branches reach the overlying skin as musculocutaneous perforators. We identified the intercostal artery perforators in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh interspaces, in 42 hemithoraces. Only branches that measured 0.5 mm or more in external diameter were included. The course of the perforators was followed from their exit from the latissimus dorsi muscle up to the entrance at the undersurface of the skin. This entrance point was punctured by a pin and thus marked on the skin. This study showed that at least three musculocutaneous perforators were present over the intercostal spaces IX–XI in every dorsal hemithorax (average 8 ± 3, range 3–16). Potentially, each of these vessels can be used as a pedicle for a separate perforator flap, leaving the more proximal parts of the latissimus dorsi intact for a second flap based on the dominant thoracodorsal vessels. Clin. Anat. 23:216–221, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Morphometrical study of the arterial perforators of the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap

Abstract: Although abdominal perforator flaps based on a cutaneous branch of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP flaps) have many advantages, preparing these flaps is technically difficult and requires great skill, especially as the portion of the artery running under the anterior rectus abdominis sheath must be operated upon “blind”. To allow easier preparation and elevation of a DIEP flap pedicle, we propose that the arterial perforator should: 1) be more than 1.0 mm large; 2) run a straight intramuscular course, parallel to the rectus abdominis m. fibers, with no large muscular branches; and 3) have only a short portion running immediately under the anterior rectus abdominis sheath. We examined 329 perforators (more than 0.5 mm in diameter at the anterior sheath) in 66 rectus abdominis mm. from 33 cadavers among them: 1) 52 “large” perforators were over 1.0 mm in diameter; 2) 107 “suitable” perforators ran parallel to the muscle fibers without giving off large muscular branches; and 3) 35 “ideal” perforators combined these characteristics. The ideal perforators were usually located in the mid-abdominal region, 10-30 mm lateral to the umbilicus. The suitable perforators were usually present, often in combination with the ideal perforator(s), in a restricted area 20 mm cranial and 40-50 mm lateral to the umbilicus. We classified the course and ramification pattern of the deep inferior epigastric a. into six patterns, depending on whether the anastomosis was sited in the medial or lateral branch and the level at which the branches originated.     

同体两侧股前外侧皮瓣的解剖学对比

目的 探讨同体两侧股前外侧（ALT）皮瓣的解剖学差异,为术前进行供侧大腿选择的必要性提供解剖学依据。 方法 10具新鲜尸体标本（共20例）上行双侧ALT皮瓣制取,寻找皮瓣的营养穿支,记录穿支类型和数量,并逆向追溯到血管蒂;测量各穿支、血管蒂的长度和管径,统计学数据采用均值±标准差。 结果 10具标本中有3具两侧股前外侧皮瓣为肌间隔穿支和肌皮穿支双供血型;其余7具两侧穿支类型不同。7具标本两侧皮瓣的穿支数量不同,另外3具的穿支数量相同。肌间隔穿支走行于股直肌与股外侧肌之间的肌间隙内,肌皮穿支或垂直或斜形穿过股外侧肌,其穿支长度各异。皮瓣穿支全部发自旋股外侧动脉（LCFA）降支的有14例,另有6例（30%,源于5具标本）皮瓣既有降支又有斜支参与供血,其中1具标本两侧均由斜支与降支双重供血,其余4具标本均只有1侧为斜支与降支双重供血。10具标本共20例皮瓣的两侧主要穿支和血管蒂管径及长度差别不大(P>0.05)。 结论 同体两侧股前外侧皮瓣的营养穿支在类型、数量、走行、血管蒂来源上存在差异,穿支的种类及走行对于皮瓣制取的难易及操作时间有直接影响。术前进行供侧大腿的选择有助于股前外侧皮瓣精准、快捷的制取。     

Anatomic study on the transverse cervical vessels perforators in the lateral triangle of the neck and harvest of a new flap: the free supraclavicular transverse cervical artery perforator flap

Background  Vessels in the supraclavicular area and their contribution to skin vascularization have always been studied for flaps planning in head and neck reconstruction and many pedicled flaps have been described based on those vessels. Little has been written instead about the vascularization of the supraclavicular skin itself for the use as a free flap. The purpose of this anatomical study was to assess the vascularization of the supraclavicular skin and the possibility of finding an adequate pedicle to harvest it as a free flap in order to close the donor site directly. Methods  A total of 25 cadavers, 10 formalin fixed and 15 fresh, have been studied in cooperation with the Division for Clinical–Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria and the Laboratoire d’Anatomie, Universiteé R. Descartes, Paris, France. Results  The supraclavicular skin was nourished by perforators coming from the transverse cervical artery and constantly present in an average number of four. Venous drainage was accomplished through the superficial cervical vein, and not through the venae comitantes of the transverse cervical artery. Conclusions  Based on the results of this investigation, a free supraclavicular transverse cervical artery perforator (STCAP) flap seems to be feasible pedicled on perforators from the transverse cervical artery and drained by the superficial cervical vein. Due to its thickness and skin texture, it can be indicated for facial and intraoral defects, with the limitations of a relatively short pedicle. Primary closure of the donor site can be accomplished concealing the scar in the neck crease.     

足内侧穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与临床应用

目的：探讨足内侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及其修复手足部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法：10侧成人足踝标本经胫后动脉注入红色乳胶液,解剖观测足底内侧动脉穿支血管在足内侧区的分布、起源等.临床设计足内侧穿支皮瓣修复手足部软组织缺损19例,软组织缺损面积2 cm×2 cm～10 cm×6 cm.结果：足底内侧动脉向（足母）展肌和舟楔骨间隙内发出2支相对恒定的穿支血管,供养足内侧穿支皮瓣.19例皮瓣完全成活,皮瓣面积2 cm× 3 cm～11 cm×8 cm.随访3 ～ 26个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意,供区愈合良好.结论：以足底内侧动脉穿支血管营养的足内侧穿支皮瓣血供可靠,质地优良,是修复足踝及手部软组织缺损的良好选择.