电视胸腔镜治疗胸腺瘤和重症肌无力

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜治疗胸腺肿瘤和重症肌无力 (MG)的手术方法和可行性。方法　1996年 3月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 ,2 2例病人行胸腺瘤和 (或 )重症肌无力胸腔镜手术治疗。其中男 16例 ,女 6例 ;年龄 14～ 77岁 ,平均 44 1岁。行胸腺全切 12例 ,合并MG者行胸腺扩大切除 10例。结果　所有手术均在胸腔镜下完成 ,无中转开胸者。 3例MG病例术后需短暂呼吸机辅助通气 ( <2 4h) ,二次气管插管1例 ,余无严重并发症 ,无手术死亡。平均手术时间 10 8min ,平均胸腔引流 2d ,平均术后住院 4 5d。结论　胸腔镜治疗Ⅰ期胸腺瘤较开胸手术具有创伤小、恢复快等显著优势 ,且符合该类肿瘤的外科治疗原则 ;胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上是可行的。     

双悬吊拉钩辅助剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术在胸腺占位合并重症肌无力中的临床应用

目的探讨双悬吊拉钩辅助剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗胸腺占位合并重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的疗效。方法采用回顾性研究,选择2018年1月至2018年12月在我科住院的胸腺占位合并重症肌无力患者41例,均行双悬吊拉钩辅助剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术。结果41例患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间(83.43±24.32)min,均完整切除胸腺及周围脂肪组织,无使用双悬吊拉钩相关并发症,无其他手术相关并发症。结论应用双悬吊拉钩辅助行剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗胸腺占位合并重症肌无力患者,能扩大手术视野及操作空间,手术创伤小,手术过程顺利,安全可靠,值得推广运用。     

电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除术

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除的临床应用价值. 方法 2002年9月～2004年6月,18例胸腺疾病和重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)行胸腔镜辅助下胸腺切除手术,其中胸腺全切7例,11例MG行胸腺扩大切除. 结果 17例在胸腔镜辅助下完成, 1例中转小切口(7 cm)开胸手术.3例MG术后须短暂呼吸机辅助通气(<12 h),二次气管插管1例,余无严重并发症,无手术死亡.手术时间47～115 min,平均95 min;胸腔引流时间1.2～2.6 d,平均2 d;术后住院时间4～9 d,平均5.5 d.9例良性胸腺瘤或胸腺囊肿随访3～20个月,平均13个月,无复发.11例MG随访3～19个月,平均10个月,4例症状完全缓解,7例都分缓解. 结论胸腔镜辅助下胸腺切除手术,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,胸腔镜下胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上是可行的.     

胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗儿童重症肌无力

目的通过总结胸腔镜胸腺扩大范围切除术治疗儿童重症肌无力的临床经验,探讨胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术的临床应用价值。方法2007年2月至2008年5月,共计16例重症肌无力患儿接受胸腔镜胸腺扩大范围切除术;手术采用右侧胸腔入路,切除胸腺和清扫前纵隔脂肪组织。结果所有患儿均顺利完成手术,无严重围手术期并发症;术后随访17～30个月,完全缓解5例,好转9例,无变化2例。结论胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术手术切口小,出血少,体内无残留金属异物,术后疼痛轻,恢复快,切口疤痕轻微,手术中远期效果良好,适用于儿童重症肌无力。     

电视胸腔镜下胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)下行胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的可行性和治疗效果。方法19例重症肌无力患者,按照Osserman临床分型标准,Ⅰ型10例,Ⅱa型5例,Ⅱb型3例,Ⅲ型1例,均在VATS下行胸腺扩大切除术。结果19例患者均顺利完成手术,无手术死亡,平均手术时间120min,术中出血量均小于100ml,术后发生重症肌无力危象3例,经及时治疗治愈。术后对所有患者均进行了随访,随访时间>6个月,重症肌无力病情完全缓解9例,好转6例,无变化4例,总有效率79%(15/19)。结论在VATS下行胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力是可行的,且创伤小、疼痛轻,以期望减少术后并发症。     

胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗非瘤型重症肌无力

目的探讨胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术(video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy,VATET)治疗非瘤型重症肌无力的疗效,并分析影响预后的因素。方法 2009年12月~2014年9月我院行胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗非胸腺瘤型重症肌无力43例,采用三孔法,胸腔镜下经右胸行胸腺切除及前纵隔脂肪组织廓清术。采用Monden标准评价疗效,分析影响疗效的因素。结果所有患者均完成VATET,均经右胸行胸腺扩大切除,手术时间75~240 min,平均115.4 min;术中出血量10~200 ml,平均42.2 ml。无围手术期死亡。43例随访4~60个月,平均36.2月,缓解12例,改善18例,无变化10例,恶化3例,有效率(缓解+改善)69.8%(30/43)。多因素logistic回归分析显示病理类型为胸腺增生是影响非瘤型重症肌无力患者术后疗效的独立危险因素(β=0.921,95%CI:1.866~2.811,P=0.000)。结论 VATET治疗非瘤型重症肌无力疗效满意。     

胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除加颈部切口治疗重症肌无力

目的 探讨胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除加颈部切口治疗重症肌无力的可行性和术后疗效.方法 2005年1月至2006年2月采用胸腔镜胸腺切除加颈部切口治疗重症肌无力患者41例,其中男性18例,女性23例,年龄18～67岁.病程1个月～3年.术中除完整切除胸腺外,还清除前纵隔区域及颈根部的异位胸腺和脂肪组织.结果 全组41例手术完全在电视胸腔镜下完成,平均手术时间162 min.术后发生肌无力危象7例.术后病理学诊断:4例颈部发现残存胸腺上极,35例患者气管前胸骨上间隙有肿大淋巴结(3～17枚).所有患者均痊愈出院.术后随访观察2年,完全缓解率41.4%,有效率达85.4%.结论 胸腔镜下胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力能取得较为理想的治疗效果,胸腔镜扩大胸腺切除加颈部切口对于颈根部异位胸腺的清除是一补充.     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力

电视胸腔镜手术（ＶＡＴＳ）为胸腺切除术提供了一个新的手术方法。自１９９３年６月至１９９５年５月，作者采用此方法成功施行了１０例胸腺切除术，以治疗重症肌无力。其中３例伴有胸腺瘤。通过手术中对胸腺床以及切除的胸腺标本检查，证实所有病例均达到完全切除胸腺的目的。本组无术中并发症及手术死亡。术后平均住院时间为４．１天（术后有一例需行辅助通气而无计算在内）。经过平均１０个月的随访观察（２～２０个月），显示所有病例的临床症状均有所改善。与另一组采用胸骨切开胸腺切除术的病例相对照，显示ＶＡＴＳ组在术后镇痛药用量及住院时间方面均有显著减少及缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）。作者认为，采用ＶＡＴＳ技术进行完全的胸腺切除是可行的。与胸骨切开胸腺切除术相比，具有创伤小，术后恢复快的优点。但胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的远期疗效仍有待进一步观察，以便确定此技术在胸外科中的地位及作用。     

经剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的临床分析CSCD

目的探讨结合肋缘下切口的剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的手术安全性与临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年10月至2016年4月期间我院心胸外科收治的23例重症肌无力合并胸腺疾病患者的临床资料。其中男8例、女15例,年龄11~70(40.70±17.31)岁。所有患者采用经剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除手术。结果所有手术均成功,无中转开胸或延长手术切口长度患者。患者切口长度平均(2.76±0.40)cm,手术时间平均(138.4±35.4)min,术中出血量平均(35.2±28.6)ml,术后呼吸机辅助时间平均(13.40±9.84)h,采用延迟拔管1例,术后并发症2例,其中少量胸腔积液1例、肺炎1例。术后疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分平均2.77分。结论剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除技术是安全可行的手术方式,具有容易操作、清扫彻底、手术创伤小、恢复快、美容效果好等优点,值得深入研究及进一步推广。     

经剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的临床分析

目的探讨结合肋缘下切口的剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的手术安全性与临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年10月至2016年4月期间我院心胸外科收治的23例重症肌无力合并胸腺疾病患者的临床资料。其中男8例、女15例,年龄11~70(40.70±17.31)岁。所有患者采用经剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除手术。结果所有手术均成功,无中转开胸或延长手术切口长度患者。患者切口长度平均(2.76±0.40)cm,手术时间平均(138.4±35.4)min,术中出血量平均(35.2±28.6)ml,术后呼吸机辅助时间平均(13.40±9.84)h,采用延迟拔管1例,术后并发症2例,其中少量胸腔积液1例、肺炎1例。术后疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分平均2.77分。结论剑突入路胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除技术是安全可行的手术方式,具有容易操作、清扫彻底、手术创伤小、恢复快、美容效果好等优点,值得深入研究及进一步推广。     

胸腔镜胸腺切除治疗巨大实性胸腺瘤

目的探讨完全电视胸腔镜（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）切除巨大胸腺瘤的可行性和安全性。方法2003年3月~2009年3月,对16例经CT测量最大径≥5 cm的＂巨大＂实性非侵袭（或轻微侵袭）性胸腺瘤进行全胸腔镜手术切除,范围包括肿瘤和整个胸腺,合并重症肌无力等瘤外表现者同时清除前纵膈脂肪组织。结果15例完成全胸腔镜下胸腺切除术,1例因怀疑侵犯左无名静脉而中转开胸。肿瘤最大径5~10 cm,平均7.1 cm。手术时间65~195 min,平均134.1 min。胸腔引流时间1~6 d,平均2.9 d。术后住院3~13 d,平均5.3 d。全组无严重并发症。中转开胸病例术后接受总剂量64 Gy的放疗。15例随访5~75个月,平均31.3月,无复发或转移。结论对于有经验的术者,胸腔镜下切除非侵袭的巨大胸腺瘤是可行和安全的,以往认为的以肿瘤大小界定的禁忌证值得商榷。     

重症肌无力电视胸腔镜与胸骨部分劈开行胸腺扩大切除比较

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)在重症肌无力(MG)治疗中的价值.方法 应用随机对照研究前瞻性分析2005年至2008年开展的VATS和胸骨部分劈开行胸腺切除治疗MG疗效,比较两组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸管放置时间、术后住院时间、术后发生重症肌无力危象及疗效等方面差异.结果 VATS组中26例手术顺利,1例因电凝钩伤及头臂静脉中转开胸.与部分胸骨劈开组比较,VATS组术中出血少、手术时间短、术后放置胸管时间及术后住院时间缩短.VATS组与胸骨劈开组比较发生肌无力危象0例对3例,肺部感染2例对9例,胸骨上窝或伤口感染0例对3例.随访6～24个月,VATS和胸骨劈开组有效率分别为81%(21/26例)和85%(23/27例),差异无统计学意义.结论 VATS下胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力,技术是安全、可行的,具有创伤小、痛苦轻、并发症少、疗效可靠等优点,临床应用前景良好.     

Role of video-assisted thoracic surgery for the treatment of myasthenia gravis: extended thymectomy by median sternotomy versus the thoracoscopic approach with sternal lifting

The role of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) thymectomy is still being studied, and many surgeons remain skeptical of the value of this recent option. We made a retrospective evaluation to ascertain whether VATS-extended thymectomy is as reliable as standard median sternotomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) and whether the endoscopic procedure presents any advantages for patients. Eighteen consecutive patients requiring extended thymectomy for MG were treated between April 1997 and September 2003 at our hospital. Nine patients received VATS-extended thymectomy, and the remaining nine patients received standard extended thymectomy by sternotomy. In the VATS group, the anterior mediastinal space was well visualized by sternal lifting. The mean operative time was 268.3 +/- 51.1 minutes in the VATS group and 177.3 +/- 92.5 minutes in the sternotomy group. Operative time was significant longer in the VATS group than in the sternotomy group (P < 0.05). The mean operative bleeding was 68.6 +/- 47.8 ml in the VATS group and 154.1 +/- 109.0 ml in the sternotomy group. Operative bleeding was significantly less in the VATS group than in the sternotomy group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to postoperative duration of chest tube or the level of serum C-reactive protein on the first operative day. There was a downward trend in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors antibody levels after thymectomy compared with before thymectomy in both groups. VATS thymectomy should be considered a valid alternative to the established approaches aimed at achieving a "curative thymectomy" in patients with MG.     

Appearance of thymoma 15 years after extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis without thymoma.

Several cases of thymoma recurrence after resection have been reported. However, thymoma appearance following an extended thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis is very rare. We report a case of thymoma in a 48-year-old woman, 15 years after an extended thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. The importance of a complete dissection of mediastinal adipose tissue during the extended thymectomy as well as careful follow-up for such patients is also noted.     

VATS胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力临床分析

目的评价电视胸腔镜(video-assistant thorascope,VATS)下胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的手术方法和效果。方法回顾性分析36例MG患者的临床资料,其中合并胸腺增生26例,胸腺瘤10例,均行VATS胸腺瘤、胸腺扩大切除术。根据临床Osserman分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱa型22例,Ⅱb型8例,Ⅲ型3例。结果本组手术全部经胸腔镜完成,无中转开胸者。全组手术时间平均80(50~120)min,术中出血量平均80(10~150)ml,留置胸腔引流管1~3 d,引流量平均150(100~500)ml,6例未留置胸管者术后3 d经CT扫描估计胸液量均<200 ml。住院时间3~6 d,术后未出现进行性血胸,无肺及膈神经损伤,无肌无力危象、胆碱能危象发生,无围手术期死亡病例。术后病理:胸腺增生26例,A型胸腺瘤6例,B1型2例,B3型2例(WHO分型)。所有患者随访3~12个月,完全缓解6例(Ⅰ型2例、Ⅱa型4例),占16.7%;部分缓解28例(Ⅰ型1例、Ⅱa型18例、Ⅱb型7例、Ⅲ型2例),占77.8%;稳定2例(Ⅱb型1例、Ⅲ型1例),占5.6%。结论 MG患者行VATS胸腺瘤、胸腺扩大切除术安全、可行,效果理想。     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis using manual manipulators: the radius surgical system

A 32-year-old woman with ocular-typed myasthenia gravis (MG) without thymoma was admitted to the hospital to undergo surgical treatment. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) extended thymectomy was successfully performed with three small ports using manual manipulators, the Radius Surgical System (RSS). The device may facilitate many degrees of freedom to general thoracic surgery.     

电视胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力107例临床分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜下胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床效果。方法对1995年6月至2004年6月,台湾长庚纪念医院胸外科和北京大学人民医院胸外科根据临床表现及肌电图检查诊断证实为单纯重症肌无力,行电视胸腔镜胸腺完整切除及前纵隔脂肪组织廓清术治疗的107例患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果术后随访1—98个月,完全缓解34例,改善55例,全组完全缓解及改善率为83％,无手术死亡病例。结论电视胸腔镜下手术切除胸腺及前纵隔脂肪组织治疗重症肌无力临床效果良好,安全,创伤较小。     

Looking for the best management of myasthenia gravis at the Tg.Mureş Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care

Thymectomy is one of the current management strategies for myasthenia gravis. This is observational study focused on the evolution of the surgical and anesthesiological strategies applied to the patients submitted to thymectomy initially by maximal sternotomy (in the years 1994-1998), followed by unconditioned reorientation towards thymectomy by VATS. A number of 103 patients are included, 51 thymectomy by left VATS. All the thoracoscopic thymectomy were performed in general anesthesia, the lungs were separated by left selective intubation, and the left lung was deflated during the surgical procedure. The surgical complications appeared mainly in the VATS group: one pericardial and one myocardial lesion leading to sternotomy (minimal blood loss, uneventful recovery), contralateral pleural lesion with pneumothorax. The classical approach accounted for one hemothorax. The postoperative mortality was zero in the VATS group vs. 6 out of 52 pts in the sternotomy group. The postoperative evolution confronted the anesthesiologist with the classical crises of myasthenia. Death occurred within the first three weeks following surgery. The demise in 3 cases was due to cardiac complications (preexisting cardiomyopathy complicated by ventricular arrhythmia) and respiratory failure plus sepsis (for the remaining cases that we lost). The treatment options in the ICU are discussed: plasmapheresis, immunosuppression, ventilatory support. VATS is appropriate for almost all thymectomy, but the outcome is heavily based on a team approach: neurologist, surgeon and anesthetist.     

Safer video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy after location of thymic veins with multidetector computed tomography

Background Video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) thymectomy has been applied as a surgical option for autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Prior identification and fine division of the thymic veins are critical to the prevention of unexpected severe bleeding that may require conversion to open surgery. Until recently, such bleeding could be avoided only by meticulous dissection of thymic fat tissue away from the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV). With recent advances in computed tomography (CT), multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) can readily be obtained and provides three-dimensional (3D) images. This study explored its value for preoperative identification of the thymic veins draining into the LBV, and thus for prevention of injury to these veins during endoscopic thymectomy. Methods Five patients with myasthenia gravis, thymoma, or both underwent enhanced MDCT preoperatively. The thymic veins draining into the LBV were visualized using both horizontal and sagittal/coronal CT images. Then 3D images were reconstructed to enable operators to simulate endoscopic views. During each VATS extended thymectomy, the numbers and branching patterns of the thymic veins were compared with the preoperative MDCT images. Results The thymic veins draining into the LBV were clearly identified with MDCT in all five patients examined. Reconstructed 3D images clearly located their courses in the thymic/fat tissue and their entry routes into the LBV, thus simulating the actual intraoperative endoscopic views. All tributaries divided during surgery were identified preoperatively with MDCT. Conclusions Location of thymic veins with MDCT can provide precise preoperative information about thymic venous anatomy. This easy and less invasive examination has the potential to make VATS thymectomy easier and safer.