颞叶癫痫大鼠学习记忆障碍与海马区PSD-95表达的关系

目的研究颞叶癫痫大鼠在Morris水迷宫中学习、记忆能力与大鼠海马区PSD-95表达变化的关系。方法随机将40只W istar大鼠分为海人酸（KA）组（28只）和对照组（12只）。KA组采用KA腹腔注射制作颞叶癫痫大鼠模型,根据是否出现自发性再发作（SRS）分SRS组（A组）、无SRS组（B组）;对照组（C组）注射生理盐水。通过Morris水迷宫测验观察各组大鼠注射KA或生理盐水2、6周时的空间学习、记忆能力,采用HE染色观察大鼠海马的组织病理学变化,免疫组化法检测大鼠海马CA1、CA3区PSD-95的表达。结果A组大鼠注射KA或生理盐水6周时海马区未见广泛神经元丢失及胶质增生,偶见局部神经元丢失及胶质增生;B、C组大鼠未见神经元丢失及胶质增生。与A组2周时及B、C组在2、6周时相比,A组6周时的学习、记忆能力明显下降（P〈0.01）,相应海马CA1、CA3区PSD-95表达均明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论颞叶癫痫长期反复发作时海马区PSD-95表达的减少,可能是导致颞叶癫痫大鼠学习、记忆障碍的机制之一。     

红藻氨酸癫痫大鼠颞叶皮层糖原合成酶激酶3β的变化

目的观察红藻氨酸癫痫大鼠颞叶皮层糖原合成酶激酶3β（GSK3β）在细胞内转运的变化。方法利用红藻氨酸颈部皮下注射诱发大鼠癫痫发作,用Western Blot方法检测大鼠颞叶皮层总GSK3β,同时分离细胞核与细胞质蛋白,分析细胞核和细胞质GSK3β水平。结果在诱发4、5级癫痫发作后4周,模型大鼠颞叶皮层总的GSK3β水平没有明显改变,但发生了细胞质到细胞核的迁移。结论红藻氨酸诱导的癫痫发作可促使GSK3β从胞质至胞核的迁移。     

脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学及海马组织的作用

目的观察脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆（VD）模型大鼠行为学及海马组织形态学的作用。方法采用大脑中动脉闭塞法（MCAO）制作VD动物模型；跳台试验测定大鼠学习记忆成绩取脑组织作冰冻切片，HE染色，观察大鼠海马形态学改变。结果跳台实验中，与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠存在着明显的学习记忆障碍；与模型组比较。中药组、西药组大鼠学习记忆能力得到改善，且两组相比无统计学意义。光镜观察显示，假手术组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞排列紧密整齐，无明显神经元脱失；模型组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞排列稀疏、紊乱，神经元脱失明显，可见胶质细胞增生，中、西药治疗组可明显减轻大鼠CA1区海马神经元脱失现象，使锥体细胞形态较正常，排列较整齐，接近假手术组。结论脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠有治疗作用．     

脑心通胶囊对拟血管性痴呆大鼠行为学和海马细胞形态学的影响

目的研究脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆（VD）大鼠学习记忆能力和海马细胞形态的影响。方法采用大脑中动脉梗死（MCAO）法制成VD大鼠模型后随机分为脑心通组（中药组）、西药组、模型组，另设假手术组和正常组，共治疗28d，治疗后以Morris水迷宫实验检测其学习记忆行为能力，以HE染色、Nissl染色检测其细胞形态的变化。结果脑心通胶囊可以改善VD大鼠学习记忆能力，明显减轻缺血对海马CA1区锥体细胞的损伤。结论脑心通胶囊为治疗VD大鼠的有效方，其治疗机制可能与减轻缺血对海马CA1区锥体细胞的损伤有关。     

基于HMGB1/TLR4信号通路使用迷走神经刺激治疗难治性癫痫的效果

目的 探究基于高迁移率族蛋白(HMG)B1/Toll样受体(TLR)4信号通路使用迷走神经刺激(VNS)治疗难治性癫痫大鼠的效果。方法 将40只大鼠随机分为空白对照组(A组)、难治性癫痫模型组(B组)、假刺激组(C组)、VNS组(D组)每组各10只。A组、B组不作任何刺激处理，C组左颈部植入VNS电极，但不刺激通电。D组左颈部植入VNS电极进行通电刺激。对比分析各组海马CA3区状况、每周癫痫发作次数、海马组织存活锥体细胞数、阳性细胞数、海马区单核趋化蛋白(MCP)-1、层黏连蛋白(LAP)、P糖蛋白(P-gp)灰度比值，HMGB1、TLR4蛋白表达。结果 与A组相比，B组、C组海马CA3区细胞数量最少，且出现形态的严重损伤，核仁溶解、缩小、模糊不清，核断裂现象严重；D组海马CA3区细胞数量大幅度增加、形态趋于正常，核仁状态恢复良好。刺激结束1 w后，与B、C组相比，D组刺激结束后癫痫发作频率显著减少(P<0.05)。与A组相比，B组、C组海马组织存活锥体细胞数明显减少、海马组织阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.05),与B、C组比较，D组海马组织存活锥体细胞数明显增加，海马组织阳...     

质粒PLXSN介导bcl-2基因对癫痫大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡的保护作用

选择28只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、生理盐水组、空质粒组和bcl-2组.24 h后用红藻氨酸(KA)局部注射诱导癫痫模型,以TUNEL方法检测凋亡细胞在大鼠海马CA3区的表达,采用免疫组织化学方法和半定量RT-PCR技术检测bcl-2蛋白及bcl-2 mRNA的表达.结果 显示,生理盐水组与空质粒组CA3区有大量凋亡细胞,给予PLXSN-bcl-2基因后凋亡细胞数明显减少.与空质粒组比较,bcl-2组海马CA3区bcl-2阳性细胞百分比及bcl-2 mRNA表达均明显升高.认为质粒PLXSN介导bcl-2基因转入脑内,对KA致癫痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡有抑制作用,起到脑保护作用.     

糖尿病小鼠学习记忆能力减退与海马锥体细胞树突棘变化的相关性

目的探讨代谢异常导致的海马区树突棘变化与认知功能障碍的关系。方法通过水迷宫实验检测动物学习记忆变化,通过Gol-gi-Cox染色结合体视学半定量技术分析海马CA1区锥体细胞树突棘密度变化。结果 2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠在一个月出现胰岛素抵抗,并伴随持续的高血糖及高胆固醇血症。2个月出现学习记忆能力下降(P<0.05),随时间延长而加重,4个月后海马CA1区锥体细胞树突棘密度显著下降(P<0.01)。结论研究结果表明T2DM持续高血糖,高血脂可能直接导致海马区神经细胞树突棘丢失,突触可塑性下降,从而出现认知功能障碍。     

重组腺相关病毒神经肽Y基因转染对海人酸致痫大鼠癫痫发作及海马苔藓纤维出芽的影响

目的探讨重组腺相关病毒神经肽Y(rAAV2/1-NPY-EGFP)基因转染对癫痫发作和海马苔藓纤维出芽的影响。方法清洁级健康Wistar大鼠30只,体重250～270 g,随机分成NPY实验组(n=12),阳性对照组(n=12)和空白对照组(n=6)。实验组:脑室注射10μl的rAAV2/1-NPY-EGFP,滴度为5×1011μg/ml;阳性对照组在脑室内注射等量的生理盐水。以上两组10 min后分别在海马CA3区注射海人酸(KA);空白对照组依次分别在脑室和CA3区注射等量的生理盐水。并分别于注射后2、4 w观察大鼠的癫痫发作情况,视频脑电(EEG)癫痫波的频率和波幅,Timm染色观察海马CA3区苔藓纤维出芽。结果 NPY实验组大鼠随观察时间的延长,发作程度逐渐减轻,与阳性对照组大鼠相比,于4 w时,脑电图癫痫波放电频率减少(P<0.05),波幅降低(P<0.05)。NPY实验组苔藓纤维出芽分级明显低于对照组。空白对照组没有癫痫发作,CA3区苔藓纤维出芽没有明显变化。结论 rAAV2/1-NPY-EGFP基因转染可以降低海马CA3区苔藓纤维出芽程度,有效抑制癫痫发作,为NPY基因治疗临床难治性癫痫提供了有力试验支持。     

智三针电针改善血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及机制

目的观察智三针电针治疗前后血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠空间学习记忆、海马区神经细胞形态、突触膜表面的EphB2/ephrinB3表达的影响,探讨电针智三针改善VD大鼠认知功能机制。方法采用改良四血管阻断法模拟VD大鼠模型,随机分为VD模型组、电针组、尼莫地平组,并设置假手术组作为对照。电针组与尼莫地平组分别予智三针电针和尼莫地平(3 mg/ml)灌胃治疗3 w,休息1 w后Morris水迷宫检测各组大鼠空间学习和记忆能力,取大鼠海马脑组织,镜下观察HE染色下的大鼠海马锥体细胞形态;酶联免疫吸附试验测定血浆干扰素(IFN)-γ,C1q等炎症因子含量,Western印迹测定海马区神经细胞突触膜表面的EphB2/ephrinB3的表达。结果与假手术组比较,VD模型组大鼠水迷宫学习记忆成绩显著降低(P<0.05),海马CA1区坏死凋亡的神经细胞明显增加(P<0.05),血清IFN-γ,C1q等炎症因子含量增加(P<0.05),海马CA1区突触表面EphB2/ephrinB3表达降低(P<0.05)。经智三针电针疗法后,与模型组比较,VD大鼠水迷宫学习记忆成绩显著提高(P<0.05),海马CA1区坏死凋亡的锥体细胞明显减少(P<0.05),血清IFN-γ,C1q含量降低(P<0.05),海马CA1区突触表面EphB2/ephrinB3表达增加(P<0.05)。与尼莫地平组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论智三针可通过VD大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,其机制可能与其降低脑缺血后血浆炎症因子含量、抑制了海马CA1区神经元的凋亡和通过Eph/ephrin信号通路调控了突触可塑性有关。     

远志总皂苷对癫痫模型大鼠学习记忆及海马LTP的影响

目的观察远志总皂苷(TEN)对戊四氮(PTZ)点燃癫痫模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力及海马长时程增强(LTP)的影响。方法雄性Wister大鼠随机分为对照组、癫痫模型组、TEN组,利用水迷宫法观察各组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,利用电生理学方法通过对高频刺激前后海马CA1区场兴奋性突触后电位(fEPSP)幅度比较检测大鼠海马LTP变化。结果与对照组相比较,癫痫模型组空间学习记忆能力显著下降,海马CA1区LTP受到显著抑制(P0.05);TEN可改善上述指标的异常变化(P0.05)。结论TEN可改善癫痫模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力及海马LTP的抑制。     

全脑缺血再灌注小鼠额叶、海马区神经元损伤的病理研究

目的 探讨全脑缺血再灌注小鼠中枢神经细胞损伤情况。方法 采用重复阻断小鼠双侧颈总动脉并尾部放血（放血量小于体重的6％）再灌注的方式，建立了小鼠卒中模型。在此模型基础上，采用病理学技术，对脑缺血再灌注后小鼠额叶、海马区脑组织形态变化变化进行观察。结果 重复缺血再灌注1d神经细胞间质水肿，胞核浓染、固缩，再灌注3d，额叶皮层少量胶质细胞增生；海马可见颗粒细胞呈空泡样变性。缺血再灌注7d，皮层多量的小胶质细胞增生聚集成堆；海马CA1区锥体细胞变性，且部分坏死。缺血再灌注28d，皮层神经细胞明显减少；海马CA1、CA3区锥体细胞大量缺失、变性、坏死，齿状回颗粒细胞变性呈空泡样。结论 脑缺血再灌流中存在迟发性神经元死亡。     

神经干细胞移植对阿尔茨海默病大鼠行为学及不同脑区细胞色素C表达的影响

目的探讨神经干细胞移植(NSCs)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠行为学及不同脑区细胞色素C(Cyt-C)表达的影响。方法通过切断Wistar大鼠海马穹隆伞制备AD模型大鼠;培养胎鼠的NSCs,并把该细胞移植入AD模型大鼠脑内;等量生理盐水注射设为对照组。1个月后进行morris水迷宫检测实验鼠学习记忆能力;5 d后处死实验鼠,用Western bolt检测不同脑区Cyt-C的表达。结果NSCs移植后AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力明显改善,与生理盐水对照组相比差异显著(P<0.01),与正常组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);海马与额叶的Cyt-C表达显示生理盐水对照组与其他各组之间有显著差异(P<0.01);各实验组海马内的Cyt-C表达均高于额叶。结论NSCs移植可以改善AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力,降低AD模型大鼠脑内的Cyt-C含量,NSCs移植可以改善AD模型大鼠的痴呆症状。     

难治性癫痫的病灶定位和手术治疗

目的探讨难治性癫痫的致痫灶定位和手术治疗方法。方法对150例难治性癫痫患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果本组术前均行冠矢状位轴位MRI检查、视频脑电图（VEEG）检查,其中20例行脑PET—CT显像;在皮质脑电图（EcoG）监测下切除致痫灶,包括局部癫痫灶切除59例,前颞叶及颞叶加杏仁核、海马切除50例,选择性杏仁核、海马切除3例,额叶病灶切除28例,额叶加颞叶病灶切除7例,大脑半球切除3例。术前MRI、VEEG和PET—CT定侧定位准确率分别为70．6％、83．5％、94．4％。术后随访1．5a,疗效I级（Engel分级）57例、Ⅱ级52例、Ⅲ级33例、Ⅳ级8例。结论综合应用MRI、脑电图以及核素检查可更准确地定位致痫灶,在EcoG监测下行致痫灶切除手术效果较好。     

Impaired hippocampal rhythmogenesis in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is one of the most common forms of epilepsy, characterized by hippocampal sclerosis and memory deficits. Injection of kainic acid (KA) into the dorsal hippocampus of mice reproduces major electrophysiological and histopathological characteristics of mTLE. In extracellular recordings from the morphologically intact ventral hippocampus of KA-injected epileptic mice, we found that theta-frequency oscillations were abolished, whereas gamma oscillations persisted both in vivo and in vitro. Whole-cell recordings further showed that oriens-lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) interneurons, key players in the generation of theta rhythm, displayed marked changes in their intrinsic and synaptic properties. Hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation currents (Ih) were significantly reduced, resulting in an increase in the input resistance and a hyperpolarizing shift in the resting membrane potential. Additionally, the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) was increased, indicating a stronger excitatory input to these neurons. As a consequence, O-LM interneurons increased their firing rate from theta to gamma frequencies during induced network activity in acute slices from KA-injected mice. Thus, our physiological data together with network simulations suggest that changes in excitatory input and synaptic integration in O-LM interneurons lead to impaired rhythmogenesis in the hippocampus that in turn may underlie memory deficit.     

吸烟对阿尔茨海默病大鼠认知功能和海马神经元病理变化的影响

目的观察吸烟对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠认知功能和海马神经元病理变化的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠18只,随机分为吸烟组和不吸烟组,每组9只。在海马注射β淀粉样蛋白_(25-23)建立AD大鼠模型的基础上,AD大鼠吸烟1 2周,穿梭箱实验和Morris水迷宫检测学习记忆功能,HE、Bielschowski's镀银染色法观察海马神经元的病理改变,电镜观察海马组织的超微结构变化。结果吸烟组主动回避能力和被动回避能力及空间探索能力较不吸烟组明显下降(P<0.01);吸烟组海马CA1、CA3、齿状回神经细胞数目减少,神经纤维增粗、肿胀、轴突深染。结论 AD大鼠吸烟后,认知功能损害加重,大鼠海马神经元损伤明显加重,胶质细胞变性更明显。     

泛素和凋亡相关因子在糖尿病大鼠脑内的表达

目的 探讨持续高血糖状态对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响以及泛素和凋亡相关因子表达的变化,为糖尿病脑病的发病机制提供相关依据.方法 雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组和糖尿病模型组,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotoein,STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型.电迷宫法测试各组大鼠的学习记忆能力;尼氏染色和免疫组织化学法观察大鼠额叶皮质和海马区的组织学变化.原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测大鼠额叶皮质和海马区凋亡细胞数;免疫印迹法(Western-blot)检测大鼠额叶皮质和海马区Bcl-2、P53蛋白的表达;反转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测大鼠额叶皮质和海马区泛素基因的表达.结果 糖尿病组大鼠学习记忆能力明显下降,额叶皮质和海马区神经细胞凋亡数高于对照组,泛素、P53表达水平明显高于对照组,而Bcl-2表达显著减少(P＜0.05).结论 高血糖状态下大鼠额叶皮质与海马区的泛素、P53表达增加,Bcl-2表达降低,大鼠额叶皮质和海马区凋亡细胞数明显增多,从而引起大鼠学习记忆能力下降.     

涟波振荡与大鼠颞叶癫癎发作关系的研究

目的探讨脑电中的涟波振荡与大鼠颞叶癫癎发作的关系。方法10只SD大鼠,在双侧齿状回和海马分别置入深部电极,用氯化锂-毛果芸香碱腹腔注射诱发大鼠颞叶癫癎,记录癫癎发作前后的深部脑电(采样频率10KHz,低通为5000Hz)。用小波变换提取脑电中的涟波和快速涟波成分,并用能量法对癫癎发作前后的涟波成分进行分析。结果涟波和快速涟波的能量变化与癫癎发作的状态十分符合。癫癎发作时,快速涟波和涟波的能量都有明显增加,累积速率大。给予地西泮后,两者的能量都有所减小,累积速率趋于稳定,但快速涟波的能量累积速度降低得更快。结论脑电中的涟波振荡成分对癫癎发作有指示性作用。     

Human amnesia and the medial temporal lobe illuminated by neuropsychological and neurohistological findings for patient E.P.

We present neurohistological information for a case of bilateral, symmetrical damage to the medial temporal lobe and well-documented memory impairment. E.P. developed profound memory impairment at age 70 y and then was studied for 14 y He had no capacity for learning facts and events and had retrograde amnesia covering several decades. He also had a modest impairment of semantic knowledge. Neurohistological analysis revealed bilaterally symmetrical lesions of the medial temporal lobe that eliminated the temporal pole, the amygdala, the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, the perirhinal cortex, and rostral parahippocampal cortex. The lesion also extended laterally to involve the fusiform gyrus substantially. Last, the superior, inferior, and middle temporal gyri were atrophic, and subjacent white matter was gliotic. Several considerations indicate that E.P.’s severe memory impairment was caused by his medial temporal lesions, whereas his impaired semantic knowledge was caused by lateral temporal damage. His lateral temporal damage also may have contributed to his extensive retrograde amnesia. The findings illuminate the anatomical relationship between memory, perception, and semantic knowledge.The medial temporal lobe has been associated with memory function for more than a century (1–3). The development of an animal model of human memory impairment in the nonhuman primate (4) led to the identification of the specific structures that are important: the hippocampus [including the cornu ammonis (CA) fields, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex] and the adjacent entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices (5). This work demonstrated further that memory impairment is less severe when bilateral removal is limited to the hippocampus than when the lesion is enlarged to include the adjacent cortical structures (6).Studies of memory-impaired patients demonstrated this same point. For example, the noted patient H.M (1), who sustained a large bilateral medial temporal lobe resection to relieve epilepsy, had very severe memory impairment. In contrast, patients with damage limited to the hippocampus are less severely impaired (7).The most useful information about the functional neuroanatomy of human memory comes from cases in which there are opportunities to carry out extensive neuropsychological testing as well as postmortem neurohistological analysis. This testing has been accomplished for patients with damage limited to the hippocampus proper (8–11). However, less information is available for patients with larger medial temporal lobe lesions. Patient P.B. developed memory impairment following surgical resection of the right medial temporal lobe and, as discovered later in postmortem examination, a sclerotic lesion of the left hippocampus (12, 13). P.B. was less severely impaired than H.M. (14). Patient N.T. developed memory impairment following right temporal lobectomy and, as discovered later, a lesion of the left hippocampus (15, 16). In both these cases, the lesions were asymmetrical, and it is difficult to know to what extent the right extrahippocampal damage contributed to the neuropsychological findings, particularly for N.T., for whom both medial and lateral right temporal cortex was removed.Here we present neuropsychological and neurohistological findings for patient E.P. (17). E.P. developed profound memory impairment in 1992 after viral encephalitis, an impairment that proved to be even more severe than that in patient H.M. Structural MRI revealed bilateral and symmetrical damage to his medial temporal lobe (Fig. 1). Beginning in 1994, E.P. was studied for 14 y before he died in 2008. Neurohistological information in cases of large, bilaterally symmetrical medial temporal lobe lesions and well-documented, severe memory impairment is quite rare. This information makes it possible to address two fundamental questions: What anatomical damage is sufficient to cause profound, nearly absolute impairment in memory? Can damage to the medial temporal lobe also impair perception and semantic knowledge along with memory, as suggested in recent studies (18, 19)?Open in a separate windowFig. 1.T2-weighted MRI images of E.P.’s brain from 1994. Axial sections are arranged from ventral to dorsal (A–D). Note areas of hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobe indicated by white arrows. Regions included within the abnormal hyperintensity include the temporopolar cortex (TPC), amygdaloid complex (A), and hippocampal formation bilaterally (H). The left side of each image illustrates the left side of the brain.     

依达拉奉对癫痫大鼠海马中MDR1产物P-gp表达的影响

目的研究自由基清除剂依达拉奉对癫痫持续状态(SE)大鼠海马中多药耐药基因(MDR1)产物P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达的影响,以探讨自由基清除剂对难治性癫痫(IE)的防治作用。方法成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、依达拉奉组。采用氯化锂-毛果芸香碱腹腔注射制备癫痫持续状态模型,经腹腔注射给药,依达拉奉组于造模成功后即刻腹腔注射依达拉奉,2次/d,3 d后断头取海马,免疫组化检测P-gp表达,图像分析测其表达的灰度值。结果模型组P-gp表达明显高于对照组及依达拉奉组(P<0.01)。结论癫痫发作本身可能是IE的成因,依达拉奉通过清除自由基减轻神经元损伤,进而抑制P-gp表达,可能成为防治IE的有效方法。