Endoscopic sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall lesions in patients with gallstones

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic sonography (EUS) in the detection of gallbladder wall lesions in patients with and without gallstones. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, sonograms, and sonographic reports of 62 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for gallbladder wall lesions evaluated by EUS. We assessed the accuracy of EUS in diagnosing gallbladder wall lesions in the presence or absence of gallstones and on the basis of the size and number of stones and the size of the gallbladder wall lesions. We also evaluated the effect of acoustic shadowing. The EUS results were compared with the histopathologic results. RESULTS: EUS correctly diagnosed the gallbladder wall lesions in 17 (71%) of 24 patients with gallstones and in 34 (89%) of 38 patients without gallstones. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS was 86% in patients with gallbladder wall lesions smaller than 20 mm and 79% in patients with gallbladder wall lesions 20 mm or larger. The diagnostic accuracy was 75% in patients with gallstones smaller than 5 mm and 67% in patients with stones 5 mm or larger. The accuracy was 67% in patients with 1-5 stones and 83% in patients with 6 or more stones. None of these differences was statistically significant. Acoustic shadowing did not affect the diagnostic accuracy of EUS. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of EUS for gallbladder wall lesions is not affected by the presence of gallstones. However, better diagnostic criteria must be established based on larger studies, and technical refinements of the equipment are needed to increase the accuracy of EUS in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall lesions.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(附16例分析)

目的： 本文回顾性分析１６ 例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 （ＸＧＣ） 的临床表现、超声特点及手术和病理结果。方法： １６ 例ＸＧＣ （男６ 例, 女１０ 例, 年龄 ４３～７８ 岁） 术前均经超声检查。结果： １６ 例ＸＧＣ 均合并胆囊结石, 胆囊壁均见增厚 ４ｍ ｍ ～１５ｍ ｍ , 其中１ 例合并肝浸润以致胆囊壁与肝实质无法分界。结论： ＸＧＣ 是一种良性慢性胆囊炎, 可能发展成胆囊癌, 尽管在组织学上具有特征, 但是在超声上无明显特异性。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎CT和病理特征

【目的】探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的CT和病理特征。【方法】回顾性分析经手术病理证实的13例XGC患者的CT影像学和病理学资料。【结果】13例XGC均表现为胆囊壁不同程度增厚,增强扫描增厚的胆囊壁轻一中度强化,n例增厚的胆囊壁内见条片状、结节状低密度影,增强扫描低密度影均无明显强化;7例囊内壁光整,黏膜线连续;6例黏膜面毛糙,不完整;13例胆囊内见均见结石,4例累及肝脏,5例与周围肠管粘连、分界不清;13例病理特点均表现为胆囊壁特征性的黄色肉芽肿结构,主要为泡沫样组织细胞,大量纤维组织增生,伴有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,6例黏膜糜烂、渍疡形成。【结论】XGC的CT表现及病理具有一定的特征性,CT检查有助于XGC的诊断。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的临床诊断及手术治疗：附25例报告

目的总结黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析我院2001年1月～2009年5月25例经病理确诊为XGC的临床资料。结果 25例术前均未明确诊断,行B超检查25例,CT检查17例,MRI检查5例,术前诊断为胆囊癌3例,胆囊炎、胆囊结石22例。术中见所有病例胆囊壁明显增厚,23例与周围组织粘连致密,22例合并胆囊结石,4例合并Mirizzi综合征,4例合并有胆囊内瘘。13例行单纯胆囊切除术,4例行胆囊大部分切除术,3例行胆囊切除及十二指肠修补术,2例行胆囊切除、肝部分楔形切除、肝门部淋巴结清扫,2例行胆囊切除、胆总管探查引流术,1例行胆囊切除、结肠部分切除术。术中经冷冻切片病理检查确诊XGC 17例;余8例中,6例诊断为急性胆囊炎,2例诊断为慢性胆囊炎急性发作,胆囊癌不能排除,术后病理检查均诊断为XGC。术后并发胆漏2例,切口感染5例。结论 XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊慢性炎症,临床非常少见,术前诊断比较困难,术中易诊断为胆囊癌,病理检查是XGC的诊断关键,胆囊切除是基本治疗方法。     

Endoscopic sonographic evaluation of the thickened gallbladder wall in patients with acute hepatitis

PURPOSE: Thickening of the gallbladder wall is often observed during abdominal sonographic examination in patients with acute hepatitis. However, there is rarely an opportunity for a histopathologic analysis of these structural changes. Endoscopic sonography (EUS) can accurately delineate the structure of the gallbladder wall and therefore may be useful for visualizing changes in the gallbladder wall in patients with acute hepatitis. Hence, we prospectively studied the ability of EUS to detect specific structural changes in the gallbladder wall in patients with acute hepatitis and examined the effect of high elevation of serum liver enzyme levels on the gallbladder wall. METHODS: A study group of patients diagnosed with acute hepatitis who had gallbladder wall thickening and a control group of patients without acute hepatitis or gallbladder disease underwent EUS between May 1, 1999, and June 1, 2002. EUS was used to measure the thickness of the gallbladder wall and to visualize each of its layers. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of the patients with acute hepatitis were measured at the time of the EUS examination. Statistically significant differences were determined using an independent t test and the chi-squared test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The acute hepatitis group comprised 28 men and 24 women with a mean age of 40.8 years. The control group comprised 25 men and 25 women with a mean age of 45.1 years. The mean gallbladder wall thickness +/- standard deviation in the acute hepatitis group (6.3 +/- 2.6 mm) was significantly greater than that in the control group (1.6 +/- 0.4 mm; p < 0.01). The mean thickness of the gallbladder wall for patients in whom both the AST and the ALT levels were 500 U/l or higher (7.0 +/- 2.6 mm) was significantly greater than that for patients with levels below 500 U/l (5.4 +/- 2.3 mm; p < 0.05). In the acute hepatitis group, EUS showed thickened, well-defined muscular and serosal layers of the gallbladder wall in 24 of the patients and a diffusely thickened gallbladder wall, in which each layer was ill defined, in the other 28 patients. The mean thickness of the gallbladder wall for patients with the pattern of ill-defined layers was significantly greater than that for the patients with the pattern of well-defined layers (p < 0.05). The pattern of ill-defined layers was more common among patients in whom the serum AST and ALT levels were at least 500 U/l than among patients with levels below 500 U/l (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that gallbladder wall thickening in patients with acute hepatitis is associated with prominent changes in the muscular and serosal layers. Patients with highly elevated serum liver enzyme levels are more likely to have gallbladder wall thickening and disruption of planes between the muscular and serosal layers than are patients with normal liver enzyme levels.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现及其病理基础。方法分析经病理证实的16例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT、MR表现。观察胆囊壁厚度、胆囊壁强化情况、胆囊壁内结节、胆囊内黏膜线、胆囊内有无结石以及胆囊周围的变化。结果16例患者中胆囊增大12例、缩小4例,所有患者均见不同程度的胆囊壁增厚及胆囊壁内结节,6例胆囊内显示黏膜线。11例患者胆囊内有结石。胆囊周围炎性浸润8例,其中2例炎症侵及肝脏。结论胆囊壁增厚、增厚胆囊壁内结节及胆囊内黏膜线是诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的特征性表现。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎12例临床病理分析

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的临床病理特点。方法 对481例胆囊切除标本中病理确诊的12例XGC进行回顾性分析。结果 12例XGC临床表现与一般的慢性胆囊炎胆石症类似。大体观察示胆囊壁明显不规则增厚，多数病例切面可见淡黄或黄褐色大小不等的结节或斑点，有的呈息肉样突起，镜下观察胆囊壁的正常结构受到不同程度的破坏，代之以特征性肉芽肿性结构。由大量泡沫样组织细胞，急慢性炎症细胞，纤维母细胞，异物巨细胞和Touton巨细胞等组成。结论 XGC的临床表现难与一般的慢性胆囊炎，胆石症或胆囊癌鉴别，但多有慢性胆囊炎急性发作表现，确诊需依赖病理检查。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎超声造影影像学特征分析

目的:探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, XGC)的超声造影声像图特征。方法:收集2015年1月至2019年12月于复旦大学附属中山医院术后病理证实为XGC的24例患者术前的临床资料及超声声像图,分析其常规超声以及超声造影的声像图特征,并在造影前后分别给出超声诊断。结果:常规超声示胆囊轮廓清晰17例(70.8%),模糊7例(29.2%),仅2例(8.3%)胆囊黏膜线连续性佳,17例(70.8%)病灶内可测及彩色血流。超声造影后所有病例(100.0%)均可见增强,同时可见清晰的胆囊轮廓,黏膜线连续性佳者18例(75.0%)。超声造影与常规超声相比,在胆囊黏膜线的显示、胆囊轮廓的显示以及增厚胆囊壁血流检出率,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001,P=0.009,P=0.009)。结论:超声造影可为XGC的超声诊断提供更多的信息,相比于常规超声其诊断效能更高。     

慢性黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎临床及病理分析

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的临床、超声和病理特征,以提高诊治水平。方法回顾性分析46例确诊病例的临床资料。结果黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎临床表现与普通慢性胆囊炎相似。胆囊壁不同程度增厚破坏,内壁可见黄色或者棕色斑块。镜下为纤维母细胞,泡沫样组织细胞,急慢性炎细胞组成的肉芽肿改变。结论临床上较难区分黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌,确诊必须依靠病理检查。     

多排螺旋CT鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的11例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)和20例胆囊癌(GBC)的资料,所有患者术前均接受MDCT检查,并分析两种病变的CT征象。结果 胆囊壁的增厚方式、黏膜线情况、是否有壁内低密度结节和胆道梗阻在XGC和GBC患者间差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。XGC与GBC患者发生邻近肝脏及周围组织改变的病例数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但邻近组织改变的形式不同。结论 MDCT扫描可为鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎和胆囊癌提供客观依据。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的MRI特征

目的：探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的MRI特征。材料与方法搜集8例经病理证实为XGC的患者的术前MRI影像,观察胆囊改变（壁增厚和强化的方式、胆囊壁内结节、黏膜线是否完整完整性和是否有结石）、胆囊周围组织改变。结果8例患者均出现胆囊壁增厚,其中6例为弥漫性增厚、2例局部增厚。8例患者可见胆囊壁内结节灶,表现为较长T1、长T2信号。8例患者胆囊黏膜线均明显强化,6例胆囊黏膜线完整,2例中断。合并胆囊结石8例。所有的病例均出现肝实质动脉期一过性强化。结论胆囊壁增厚、胆囊壁内结节、黏膜线连续、邻近的肝实质动脉期一过性强化为XGC的常见影像征象。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的MRI表现特点

目的：探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）的MRI影像表现特点。方法：回顾性分析15例经病理证实为XGC的患者的术前MRI影像。观察胆囊本身改变（壁增厚的方式和程度、信号特点、黏膜线是否完整、强化程度及是否有结石）、胆囊周围脂肪及肝实质的改变。结果：15例患者均出现胆囊壁增厚,范围为0.8~2.6cm,其中13例为弥漫性增厚,2例为局灶性增厚。13例弥漫性增厚的病例中均匀性增厚2例,不均匀增厚11例。10例患者出现胆囊壁内结节,大小为0.2~0.7cm,表现为较长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描未见确切强化。15例患者均表现为黏膜线显著强化,其中黏膜线完整11例,中断4例。合并胆囊结石15例。所有病例均出现肝实质动脉期一过性强化,邻近肝实质出现肝脓肿7例,与十二指肠粘连6例。结论：胆囊壁不均匀增厚、壁内出现结节、黏膜线完整并明显强化、邻近肝实质动脉期一过性强化是XGC较常见的影像表现,并符合其病理特点。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的CT表现特点,提高对XGC的诊断水平.方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的29例XGC的CT检查资料.结果术前诊断为胆囊癌15例,慢性结石性胆囊炎14例.29例均有不同程度的胆囊壁增厚,其中局限性胆囊壁增厚8例,弥漫性胆囊壁增厚21例;增厚的胆囊壁内见单发或多发低密度结节15例;伴发胆囊结石26例;肝-胆界面较清楚者24例,肝-胆界面不清者5例;增强后增厚的胆囊壁在动脉期仅有轻度强化,门脉期至延迟期强化逐渐明显,胆囊壁内低密度结节影强化不明显,增强后显示密度较高的黏膜线9例.结论增强后增厚的胆囊壁延迟强化,增厚的胆囊壁内低密度结节,胆囊轮廓及黏膜线的存在对本病诊断有意义.     

Usefulness of Ultrasound in Differentiating Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis from Gallbladder Carcinoma

Our study was aimed at finding the ultrasound (US) features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and evaluating the usefulness of US in differentiating XGC from gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Through use of an electronic medical record system and the picture archiving and communication system, 31 cases of XGC and 52 cases of GBC with both sonograms and pathologic results were identified. Sonographic features of the abnormal gallbladder were evaluated. The smooth and intact interface between gallbladder lumen and mucosa was observed in most XGC cases (23/31, 74.2%) but in no GBC cases. XGC featured hyper-echoic foci, small hypo-echoic nodules and a layered appearance in the lesion, which were more frequently seen in the XGC group than in the GBC group. In conclusion, US may prove useful in the differential diagnosis of XGC and GBC, but more studies are required.     

Role of sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation

PURPOSE: Gallbladder perforation is a dreaded complication of acute cholecystitis that is associated with a high mortality rate. Early detection of gallbladder perforation reduces the associated mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of this study was to highlight the role of sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of sonography with that of CT. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the sonographic and CT findings in surgically proven cases of gallbladder perforation. RESULTS: In 18 of 23 cases, both sonography and CT had been performed; in the other 5 cases, only sonography had been performed. Sonography helped to diagnose the defect in the gallbladder wall and gallbladder perforation in 16 (70%) of 23 patients. In the 18 cases in which both sonography and CT had been performed, sonography showed the wall defect in 11 cases (61%), whereas CT was diagnostic in 14 cases (78%). The difference between sonography and CT in the ability to visualize a defect in the gallbladder wall was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography is useful for diagnosing gallbladder perforation and detecting the defect in the gallbladder wall. We believe that sonography should be the first-line imaging modality for evaluating the patients in these cases.     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the evaluation of gallbladder masses

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: There are very few data on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of gallbladder masses. The aim of this study was to assess the utility and safety of EUS-FNA in the evaluation of patients with gallbladder masses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six patients who underwent EUS-FNA of gallbladder masses over a 2-year period between 2002 and 2004 were studied retrospectively. Reports of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures, EUS images, cytology results, and clinical records were reviewed. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) prior to EUS had revealed a definitive gallbladder mass in only one of the six patients and no gallbladder masses were identified in any of the patients who had undergone prior transabdominal ultrasound. RESULTS: At EUS, all the patients were found to have an echo-poor mass arising from the gallbladder wall or within the lumen of the gallbladder. EUS-FNA of the gallbladder masses revealed adenocarcinoma in five patients and benign disease in one patient. After a mean follow-up period of 127 days (range 90 - 187 days), three patients had died, two were undergoing palliative chemoradiotherapy, and one had been confirmed as having chronic cholecystitis at surgery. No complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with obstructive jaundice and equivocal ultrasound or CT findings, evaluation of the gallbladder for the presence of a primary malignancy by EUS is useful. In patients with gallbladder masses, EUS-FNA can be performed safely and can help to make a definitive diagnosis.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a radiological study of 12 cases and a review of the literature

Background: Twelve cases of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) are presented, and their radiologic appearance is described. Methods: Four men and eight women, aged 31–82 years old, with XGC were reviewed. Abdominal ultrasound (US) was performed in all patients. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in five patients, barium enema examination in two, and percutaneously CT-guided fine-needle aspirative biopsy of the gallbladder in one. Results: Barium enema examination showed an indentation of the hepatic flexure. Cholelithiasis was present in all patients, and sludge was present in six. The gallbladder wall was thickened in all patients, irregular in nine, and could not be properly differentiated from surrounding liver parenchyma or from other adjacent structures in most patients. A curvilinear halo, hypoechoic on US and with low attenuation on CT, within the gallbladder wall was found in three patients and pericholecystic fluid in two others. On CT, the pericholecystic fat had streaky soft tissue densities in three cases. Percutaneously CT-guided fine-needle aspirative biopsy of the gallbladder was nondiagnostic. The diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma was considered preoperatively in three patients. Conclusion: Despite the characteristic histologic appearance of XCG, radiologic findings are nonspecific, varying from signs observed in other forms of cholecystitis to the appearance of a gallbladder neoplasm. Received: 5 April 1995/Accepted: 15 May 1995     

Follow-up sonography in suspected acalculous cholecystitis: preliminary clinical experience

Fourteen adult patients with clinically suspected AAC and inconclusive initial sonograms underwent follow-up sonography within 24 hours. Eight patients had initial studies demonstrating a normal thickness of the gallbladder wall. Four of these patients demonstrated progressive thickening of the gallbladder wall on follow-up scans and were diagnosed as having AAC. In three of these patients AAC was proved at surgery, and the remaining patient improved clinically after percutaneous cholecystostomy. Four other patients with normal gallbladder wall thickness on both the initial and follow-up sonograms had benign clinical follow-up results without evidence of AAC. The remaining six patients had a thickened gallbladder on the initial sonogram. In one of these patients, the gallbladder wall thickening resolved on follow-up sonography. In the remaining five patients the gallbladder wall thickening did not change. Four of these patients had benign follow-up results but one patient was found to have AAC at surgery. Follow-up sonography may be helpful to confirm AAC if there is progressive edema of the gallbladder wall. A normal gallbladder wall on an initial study does not exclude early AAC. Thickening of the gallbladder wall on initial studies still remains a problem and other ancillary criteria must be used to establish the diagnosis of AAC.     

胆囊癌的超声漏误诊分析

目的：分析不典型胆囊癌的声像图特点，提高超声诊断胆囊癌的准确性。方法：对34例术前超声未明确诊断，而术后病理证实为胆囊癌病例进行回顾性分析。结果：超声误诊13例：肝癌3例，肝脓疡2例，胰头癌2例，胆道肿瘤3例，胆囊息肉2例，消化道肿瘤1例，21例漏诊，其中包括9例隐匿性胆囊癌。结论：胆囊癌有多种声像图表现，不能仅满足于胆囊炎胆囊结石的诊断，应仔细观察胆囊的界限，尤其是胆囊颈部和底部，对可疑病例应同时结合其他检查，以提高超声诊断胆囊癌的准确性。     

增强超声诊断并超声引导介入治疗胆囊炎伴穿孔一例

胆囊穿孔是急性胆囊炎的严重并发症,主要发生在与胆石症相关的急性胆囊化脓性炎症之后,其发病率和死亡率都很高。增强超声是一种动态实时显示器官或肿瘤微血流的成像技术,近年来被用于胆囊疾病的评估,包括鉴别胆囊肿瘤及评价胆囊壁的完整性等。本病例中,增强超声通过观察胆囊壁的血供和胆囊壁的完整性,及时、准确地判断了胆囊穿孔的出现,并在超声引导下行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流,迅速缓解患者症状,防止病情恶化。