肝巨海绵状血管瘤的螺旋CT表现及评价

目的 研究肝巨海绵状血管瘤的螺旋CT表现并进行评价。方法 对经手术及病理证实的肝巨海绵状血管瘤的病人30例共32个病灶的CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果 平扫21个病灶瘤内为均匀性低密度，11个病灶在低密度瘤灶内可见有更低密度区。增强后动脉期扫描32个病灶均出现边缘部强化，门脉期强化范围由边缘向中央部扩大，延迟期6min有4个病灶呈全瘤均匀性强化，28个病灶呈全瘤大部分强化。结论 肝巨海绵状血管瘤的螺旋CT三期增强扫描表现具有特异性，根据此特点，可以与肝脏的其他常见占位性病变鉴别。     

Cavernous hemangioma of the breast: mammographic and sonographic findings and follow-up in a patient receiving hormone-replacement therapy

We report the case of a 78-year-old woman who had been receiving hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) for 6 years and had a 4-month history of a painless nodule in the 9 o'clock position in her right breast. Mammography performed 4 years previously had shown a 4-mm bilobed, ovoid, well-defined nodule in that location; mammography performed 1 year previously had shown that the nodule had increased to 6 mm. We performed mammographic and sonographic examinations, which revealed a 10-mm ovoid nodule in the same 9 o'clock position in the right breast. The imaging findings appeared to indicate benignity, but because of the increasing size of the nodule, we undertook an ultrasound-guided large-core needle biopsy. The histopathologic diagnosis was typical cavernous hemangioma. It was not excised, but HRT was discontinued. Follow-up mammography and sonography 8 months later showed that the nodule had decreased to 6 mm. We believe that the HRT played a contributory role in the increasing size of this patient's cavernous hemangioma. The use of ultrasound-guided large-core needle biopsy is reliable enough to ascertain the benignity of such masses and can thus avoid, if it is clinically appropriate, the need for their surgical removal.     

血管造影CT在肝海绵状血管瘤介入治疗中的应用

目的:利用CT造影及VR重建技术探讨肝海绵状血管瘤血供方式,借以指导临床选择适当的介入方法,并预测单纯肝动脉栓塞术(HAE)的远期疗效。材料与方法:肝脏海绵状血管瘤患者11例,共26个病灶。每位患者均行CTA、CTAP及常规DSA造影。以肝固有动脉DSA为金标准,对CT三维重建图像进行评估,并评定肿瘤血管。结果:本研究26个病灶均见肝动脉分支进入肿瘤内;所有病灶均无门静脉分支进入瘤体的直接证据。VR重建与DSA图像有很好的符合率。结论:血管造影CT基础上的VR三维重建对HAE选择靶血管具有重要的指导意义。利用VR重建图像,结合肝固有动脉及间接门静脉DSA图像可以推测单纯HAE的远期疗效。     

支气管镜刷检与镜下针吸术在细胞学诊断中的应用研究

目的研究支气管镜毛刷涂片细胞学诊断与针吸活检、针吸活检印片细胞学诊断对肺部肿瘤诊断的差异。方法对130例肺病变患者采用经支气管镜毛刷涂片、针吸活检、针吸活检印片分别进行病理组织学诊断和细胞学分析。结果支气管镜毛刷涂片、针吸活检、针吸活检印片的总阳性率分别是65．9％和86．3％,92．4％。结论经支气管镜针吸印片的总阳性率明显高于毛刷涂片的阳性率（P〈0．01）,同时也高于针吸活检的阳性率。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver lesions: histological and cytological assessment

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is used increasingly for the diagnosis of mediastinal, biliopancreatic, and gastric tumors. However, little is known about EUS-FNA in hepatic lesions and the best method for tissue analysis. We assessed EUS-FNA combined with histological and cytological evaluation in selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 41 patients (66 +/- 7 years) were prospectively studied, 33 of whom had clinical findings suggestive of liver malignancies. Selection for EUS-FNA was based on an increased risk of bleeding from percutaneous biopsy (coagulopathy, cirrhosis, ascites, aspirin intake; n = 15), presence of small liver tumors < 2 cm (n = 12), or liver lesions found incidentally (n = 14). Transgastric EUS-FNA of lesions located in accessible liver segments was performed using the Hitachi FG-34UX longitudinal echo endoscope and a 22-G aspiration needle. Specimens were submitted separately for standard cytological and histological evaluation. In the case of malignancies, findings at surgery with histological examination, endoscopy, or computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of the primary cancer served as reference results (n = 33), while in benign disorders, a combination of imaging studies (Magnetic Resonance Tomography , scintigraphy) and the clinical follow-up, as summarized in the physician's report, was used as reference. RESULTS: EUS-FNA provided appropriate biopsy specimens in 40/41 patients. It was not possible to aspirate sufficient material in one patient. On average, 1.4 needle passes were necessary to obtain sufficient amounts of tissue. With regard to malignancy, the combination of histological and cytological examination had a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 100%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 78%, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. Tissue diagnoses were in agreement in 27/41 patients (65%). In the remaining patients, only the cytological examination identified six lesions correctly, while the histological assessment was correct in another seven patients. Malignant lesions were correctly identified by cytology in 24/33 (73%) patients, while histology alone was diagnostic for malignancy in 27/33 (82%) patients. When both modalities were combined, 31 out of 33-malignancies (94%) were correctly diagnosed. Minor complications occurred in two patients and consisted of self-limiting local bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FNA of liver tumors is a powerful, reliable, and safe procedure for the diagnosis of malignant liver lesions. Optimal diagnostic results are achieved by combining cytological with histological assessment. Hence, EUS-FNA is an alternative to percutaneous biopsy, particularly in patients at risk of bleeding or with small lesions of the liver.     

平阳霉素碘化油乳剂选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤40例

目的:评价使用平阳霉素碘化油乳剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的临床疗效。方法:对40例肝海绵状血管瘤患者,通过导管超选择插管至肝血管瘤的供血动脉,使用平阳霉素碘化油乳剂经肝动脉进行栓塞治疗。结果:所有病例均成功实施了栓塞治疗,治疗后患者症状缓解,瘤体缩小,无严重并发症,生存质量明显提高。结论:使用平阳霉素碘化油乳剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤疗效肯定,安全性好。     

Combined hepatic angiography and percutaneous aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of primary hepatic neoplasm

This article describes the application of percutaneous needle biopsy of hepatic neoplasms in conjunction with hepatic angiography in 10 adult patients. The use of a modified skinny needle permitted successful aspiration biopsy of the liver in all cases, irrespective of the degree of tumor vascularity on hepatic angiograms. The specimens were adequate for pathological diagnosis, and no complications were encountered in this series.     

药物栓塞治疗肝脏海绵状血管瘤 (附33例报告)

目的：探讨肝脏海绵状血管瘤的动脉介入不同药物治疗的效果。材料与方法：33例患者经B超、CT或MRI及DSA中三项检查共同诊断为肝脏海绵状血管瘤，分为三组分别进行了药物栓塞治疗。其一为单纯用碘化油栓塞肿瘤者7例，其二为碘化油＋鱼肝油酸钠栓塞肿瘤后，加用明胶海绵栓塞肿瘤动脉近端者7例，其三为碘化油＋无水酒精栓塞肿瘤者19例。结果：第一组中3例有复发现象；第二组无复发，但瘤体缩小不显著；第三组栓塞完全、无复发病例，瘤体缩小多数明显，瘤体巨大伴斑痕者例外，但术后短期反应较明显。结论：碘化油＋无水酒精栓塞肝脏海绵状血管瘤安全可靠、效果好，瘤体小者碘化油＋鱼肝油酸钠＋明胶海绵栓塞也可达到理想效果。     

Giant hemangioma of the caudate lobe of the liver with surgical treatment: A case report

BACKGROUNDCaudate lobe hemangioma of the liver is relatively rare. Due to the unique anatomical location of the caudate lobe, the caudate lobectomy accounts for only 0.5% to 4% of hepatic resection, which is difficult to operate and takes a long time, and even has many postoperative complications.CASE SUMMARYA 34-year-old female presented with a 1 year history of intermittent pain in the right side of the waist without obvious inducement. All laboratory blood tests were within normal limits. Indocyanine green 15 min retention was rated 2.9%, and Child-Pugh was rated A. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosed giant hemangioma of the caudate lobe with hemangioma of left lobe of liver. After discussion, surgical treatment was performed, which lasted 410 min, with intraoperative bleeding of about 600 mL and postoperative pathological findings of cavernous hemangioma. There were no obvious postoperative complications, and the patient was discharged 10 d after surgery.CONCLUSIONCaudate lobectomy is difficult due to its special anatomical location. Under the condition of fully exposing the anatomy of the first porta hepatis, the second porta hepatis, the third porta hepatis, the fourth porta hepatis and middle hepatic vein and combining with the Pringle maneuver, caudate lobectomy can be performed in a precise and safe process.     

细胞学涂片及其联合细胞块免疫组化在超声内镜下细针穿刺活检术中的应用价值

目的探讨细胞学涂片及其联合细胞块免疫组化在超声内镜下细针穿刺活检术(EUS-FNA)中的应用价值。方法收集因占位性疾病行EUS-FNA的患者60例,将细胞学涂片及其联合细胞块免疫组化结果与手术病理及随访预后结果比较。结果 EUS-FNA下穿刺物细胞学涂片检查对肿瘤性占位的阳性检出率为78.6%(44/56),特异度为50.0%(2/4),准确度为76.7%(46/60);19例患者同时进行了细胞学涂片联合细胞块免疫组化检查,其对肿瘤性占位的阳性检出率为94.7%(18/19),准确度为94.7%(18/19),两者在该19例患者中对肿瘤性占位的检出率差异无统计学意义(P=0.250)。但在明确肿瘤性占位病理类型方面,细胞学涂片联合细胞块免疫组化检查优于单独细胞学涂片检查。结论在EUS-FNA下,细胞学涂片及其联合细胞块免疫组化检查对肿瘤性占位的检出率相当,联合细胞块免疫组化检查在明确病理类型上更有优势,更能指导后续治疗。     

超声引导细针抽吸活检对门静脉癌栓的鉴别诊断价值

目的　探讨超声引导细针抽吸活检对门静脉癌栓 (PVTT)的鉴别诊断价值。方法　对 2 2例原发性肝细胞癌 (HCC)伴发门静脉栓子 (PVT )及 8例肝硬化伴发PVT在超声引导下行细针穿刺抽吸活检 ,并对其中 8例门静脉分支充满型栓子行 18G自动组织切割活检。计算细针抽吸细胞学、组织学的阳性率并与自动活检阳性率进行比较。结果　细针抽吸活检细胞学、组织学阳性率分别为 93 .3 % ( 2 8/3 0 )和90 .0 % ( 2 7/3 0 ) ,与同部位自动活检阳性率 91.7% ( 11/12 )比较差异无显著性意义 ( P >0 .0 5 )。 2 2例HCC伴PVT抽吸活检肝细胞癌阳性 17例 ( 77.3 % ) ,组织学阳性 18例 ( 81.8% ) ,综合后 2 0例诊断为癌栓 ,余 2例为血栓。 8例肝硬化伴发PVT活检均未发现肝癌细胞和 (或 )组织。结论　超声引导门静脉栓子细针抽吸活检有较高的阳性率与诊断价值 ,且与自动活检阳性率无明显差异 ,因此对于彩色多普勒血流显像与脉冲多普勒诊断尚不明确的病例采用细针抽吸活检可达到早期明确诊断的目的。     

CT引导下经胸骨老年人纵隔内肿块细针穿刺活检

目的探讨老年人纵隔内肿块CT引导下细针穿刺活检术。方法CT引导下细针穿刺活检，所有穿刺中均应用同轴活检技术。先用18G、100mm长千叶针（导向针）用于穿透皮肤及胸骨，再用20—22G、150mm半自动切割针或20—22G、150mm千叶针通过导向针管进到病灶内，进行切割或抽吸，取得标本涂片、固定，并快速行细胞学检查。结果45例纵隔内肿块老年患者，21例病变位于中纵隔，24例位于前纵隔隐于胸骨后，病灶周围均包裹含气肺组织。所有穿刺均经胸骨径路，避开含气肺组织、纵隔内大血管，无一例出现气胸及大出血。活检诊断正确率为86．7％（39／45）。结论CT引导下应用同轴技术经胸骨纵隔内肿块穿刺，对老年人纵隔内肿块病理诊断提供了较安全的方法。     

超声造影引导下穿刺活检在肝占位性病变中的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）引导下穿刺活检在肝占位性病变中的应用价值。 方法收集2016年9月至2017年11月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院拟接受超声引导下经皮肝占位性病变穿刺活检术的患者42例。所有患者穿刺活检前均进行CEUS,在CEUS引导下对肝占位性病变靶向定点经皮肝穿刺活检。以穿刺活检获取组织材料送病理学诊断达到要求为取材满意。活检病理诊断结果为恶性或手术病理结果确诊。未见恶性肿瘤时,结合电子计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振成像（MRI）、CEUS、正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET）、发射型计算机断层扫描（ECT）、血管造影、肿瘤标志物［甲胎蛋白（AFP）、糖类抗原199（CA199）等］等检查,随访超过3个月无变化者,考虑为良性病变。 结果本组42例肝占位性病变患者最终临床诊断结果为：肝细胞癌19例,胆管细胞癌3例,转移性肝癌9例,结节性肝硬化3例,炎症5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,局灶性结节增生1例,不典型增生结节1例。在CEUS引导下,选择增强强度和方式为恶性的增强活性区进行了穿刺活检取材,穿刺次数1~2次,平均穿刺（1.74±0.21）次。本组42例肝占位性病变患者穿刺活检病理结果为：肝细胞癌19例,胆管细胞癌3例,转移性肝癌9例,结节性肝硬化3例,炎症5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,局灶性结节增生1例,不典型增生结节1例。CEUS引导下穿刺活检取材成功率100%（42/42）,穿刺阳性率100%（42/42）,穿刺活检诊断符合率100%（42/42）。所有患者穿刺活检后均无肝周肠间隙或腹盆腔出血、气胸、针道种植、胆漏、大血管损伤等并发症发生。 结论CEUS可敏感显示肝占位性病变内微血供情况,准确判断病灶的活性区与坏死液化区域,确认常规超声分辨不清的微小占位,可提高穿刺活检取材成功率、穿刺阳性率、穿刺活检定性诊断符合率以及恶性病变确诊率。     

MR弥散加权成像在延迟期强化的肝脏恶性肿瘤与肝血管瘤鉴别诊断中的应用

目的：探讨MR弥散加权成像（DWI）在延迟期明显强化的肝脏恶性肿瘤和肝血管瘤鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法：本研究收集2009年7月~2010年1月在我院就诊的肝脏占位性病变,且病变延迟期强化的病例共32例。其中包括肝细胞癌9例,胆管细胞癌12例,肝血管瘤11例。延迟期强化病灶定义为肝脏多期动态增强扫描显示病灶延迟期强化程度高于动脉期。如果病灶较大且血供明显不均匀,则按照上述条件将同一病灶内的延迟强化区纳入研究范围。对所有病灶进行b=500s/mm2的DWI扫描,DWI扫描所得图像由两名高年资放射科医师（执业年龄大于5年）背靠背评价,主要评价在b=500s/mm2图像上肝脏占位性病变信号的高低。利用后处理得到的表观弥散系数（ADC）图划定感兴趣区进行ADC值测量。采用SPSS16.0软件包对图像分析及处理所得到的计量及计数数据进行处理。对不同肝脏占位性病变b=500s/mm2时的图像信号高低的评价结果进行χ2检验,以P<0.05作为有显著性差异。所有病灶的ADC值用均数±标准差表示,肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌及肝血管瘤病例的ADC值之间两两进行均数比较t检验进行分析,以P<0.05为具有统计学意义。结果：本实验所研究的这3种肝脏占位性病变当b=500s/mm2图像信号高低没有显著性差异（χ2=1.30,P>0.05）。肝细胞癌病例ADC值[（1.28±0.46）mm2/s]和胆管细胞癌病例ADC值[（1.61±0.38）mm2/s]均显著低于肝血管瘤患者[（2.85±0.89）mm2/s]（t=4.780,P=0.000;t=3.7025,P=0.001）。而肝细胞癌病例与胆管细胞癌病例的ADC值没有显著性差异（t=1.8008,P=0.088）。结论：MR DWI在延迟期强化肝脏恶性肿瘤与肝血管瘤鉴别诊断中有较高的应用价值,可以作为常规序列的有益补充。     

同轴活检技术在CT引导下纵隔内肿块穿刺活检中的临床应用

目的评价应用同轴活检技术及快速细胞学检查,进行CT引导下纵隔内肿块穿刺活检的临床价值.方法CT引导下应用同轴活检技术和快速细胞学检查经皮纵隔内肿块穿刺活检48例.先用18G,10cm长chiba针(导向针)穿透皮肤、胸壁软组织,甚至胸骨、椎体到达病灶边缘外5mm处,再用20～22G半自动切割针或chiba针通过导向针管到达病灶内,并对病灶进行切割或抽吸,取得标本进行涂片固定,然后行快速细胞学检查.结果48例活检病变穿刺25例经胸骨旁径路,19例经胸骨径路,4例俯卧经椎旁径路.穿刺时均避开了含气的肺组织和纵隔内大血管.所有病例均无重复穿刺.活检诊断正确率91.7%(44/48).结论应用同轴活检技术和快速细胞学检查为各类纵隔内肿块的穿刺活检提供了一种更安全、更可靠的方法.     

阻力指数对超声诊断肝脏肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的价值

目的探讨阻力指数（RI）在超声诊断肝脏肿瘤及肿瘤样病变中的价值。方法对143例肝脏肿瘤及肿瘤样病变病人的168个病灶进行彩色多普勒血流显像和脉冲多普勒血流检查分析。结果原发性肝癌90例103个病灶,其中并门静脉癌栓广泛形成3例;转移性肝癌4例11个病灶。肝血管瘤23例28个病灶,肝腺瘤15例15个病灶,肝脏局灶性结节性增生9例9个病灶,炎性假瘤2例2个病灶。12例肝血管瘤14个病灶经CT或（和）MRI扫描及随访得以诊断,3例原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓广泛形成病人经其他影像学检查及临床实验室检查证实,余者均经手术或穿刺活检病理证实。肝脏恶性肿瘤RI明显高于肝脏良性肿瘤及肿瘤样病变（t=9.74,P〈0.05）。结论 RI在肝脏肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的超声诊断及鉴别诊断中有重要的参考价值。     

针吸标本细胞块在免疫组化染色方法的探讨

目的探讨针吸标本细胞块通过免疫组化方法进行进一步诊断的方法。方法将细胞块制作方法与免疫组化染色方法相结合。结果细胞块行免疫组化染色其效果与活检标本完全相同。结论细胞块行免疫组化染色方法可行,明显提高了针吸病理的诊断率,已成为细胞学检查非常实用的实验技术。     

Computerized tomography in evaluation of hepatic neoplasms

We reviewed our experience with computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen in 212 patients with histologically documented liver neoplasms seen during a 30-month period. The CT findings in cavernous hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia were specific, and permitted accurate diagnosis of this lesion before biopsy. The CT appearance of all other lesions was variable. We consider CT useful in providing an accurate evaluation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic extent of the neoplasm.     

Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: CT and sonographic spectrum

Fifteen patients with pathologically proven focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver had abdominal computed tomography (CT) (15) and ultrasound (11). In seven patients, the lesions were incidentally found during gallbladder or renal examination, whereas the other eight had a primary neoplasm and the liver was studied for possible metastasis. In 11 unenhanced CT scans, the ratio of isodense to hypodense lesions was 8 to 3. In 15 contrasten-hanced CT scans, seven were isodense, six were hypodense, and in two, the lesion enhanced (hyperdense). In seven patients a hypodense lesion on unenhanced CT became isodense with contrast injection. Delayed images in three showed the lesions appearing as hypodense in two and displaying a rim of enhancement in one. In one case, unenhanced CT was normal and only enhanced CT showed an area of homogeneous increased density. Ultrasound was done in 11 patients, the lesion was hypoechoic to the liver in five, echogenic in four, and isoechoic in two. Findings of central scar were seen on CT and ultrasound in three cases. Pathologic diagnosis was available in all cases, seven by needle aspiration and eight by surgical resection. In our experience, FNH has many CT and sonographic features that can mimic hemangioma or metastasis. While the presence of a central scar increases the specificity, in a cancer patient, the findings should be interpreted with caution and needle aspiration should be obtained.     

针吸细胞学检查对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的　探讨细针吸取活检（ Ｆ Ｎ Ａ Ｂ） 细胞学检查对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法　以术后病理诊断为对照，光镜下观察不同级别乳头状癌的针吸涂片中的单个细胞参数、细胞团参数和继发性改变。结果　在１２６ 例乳头状癌中，细胞学诊断正确者１１６ 例（ 占９２ ．１ ％ ） ，可疑者２ 例（ 占１ ．６ ％ ） ，假阴性者８ 例（ 占６ ．３ ％ ） 。在诊断正确的１１６ 例中，细胞学分级正确者１１３ 例（ 占９７ ．４ ％ ） 。同期细胞学诊断为乳头状癌者未见假阳性。结论　 Ｆ Ｎ Ａ Ｂ 对甲状腺乳头状癌的定性和分级诊断均准确可靠。还探讨了假阴性的原因和诊断中应注意的问题。