Impact of milrinone on mitral annular velocity in patients with congestive heart failure

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of milrinone on mitral annular velocity in patients with congestive heart failure.

Method

We studied 27 patients with congestive heart failure. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography both before and after administration of milrinone. We measured the early transmitral velocity (E) and the mitral annular early diastolic velocity (Ea). The ratio of E to Ea (E/Ea) was calculated. After the baseline echocardiography, milrinone was administered as a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.25 μg/kg/min. Echocardiographic measurements were repeated 4 h after milrinone was begun.

Results

After administration of milrinone, Ea was significantly increased, while E/Ea was significantly decreased. The population of 27 patients was divided into 20 (74 %) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50 % and seven (26 %) with LVEF ≥50 %. Ea was significantly increased in both groups, while E/Ea was significantly decreased.

Conclusion

Even low-dose milrinone produced an improvement in left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, as evidenced by an increase in Ea, and falls in LV filling pressures, as determined by a decrease in E/Ea, in patients with congestive heart failure throughout a wide range of LV systolic function.     

Assessment of left ventricular function using mitral annular velocities in patients with congestive heart failure with or without the presence of significant mitral regurgitation.

Myocardial velocities in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) were studied using pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging. Velocities were recorded at the mitral and tricuspid annulus. Four sites at the mitral annuli were selected corresponding to the septal, lateral, inferior, and anterior walls of the left ventricle from apical 4- and 2-chamber views. A mean value from the above 4 sites was selected to describe the mitral annular velocities. Only one site of the tricuspid annulus was selected, corresponding to the right ventricular free wall. Three different annular velocities were recorded: the peak systolic, and the peak early and late diastolic velocities. A total of 96 patients were compared with 12 age-matched healthy participants. Patients with CHF had significantly decreased mitral and tricuspid systolic velocities compared with healthy participants (4.9 vs 9.3 cm/s, P <.001, for the mitral annulus and 10.4 vs 14.6 cm/s, P <.001, for the tricuspid annulus). The early diastolic velocity was also reduced in patients compared with healthy participants (5.9 vs 10.9 cm/s, P <.001, for the mitral annulus and 8.6 vs 12.9 cm/s, P <.001, for the tricuspid annulus). Patients with CHF had a severely depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (27%). The correlation the between systolic mitral annular velocity and EF was relatively good (r = 0.59 and P <.001). The patients with CHF were divided into 2 subgroups depending on the presence or absence of significant mitral regurgitation. There was a correlation between EF and the systolic mitral annular velocity both in patients with (r = 0.61, P <.001) and without (r = 0.59, P <.001) significant mitral regurgitation. In conclusion, compared with healthy participants, the mitral and tricuspid annular velocities are significantly decreased in patients with CHF. The correlation between EF and the systolic mitral annular velocity is relatively good irrespective of the presence or absence of significant mitral regurgitation. Measurements of annular velocities constitute a simple and useful method for evaluating patients with CHF.     

卡维地洛在充血性心力衰竭治疗中的应用

目的研究新型β-受体阻滞剂国产卡维地洛(Carvedilol)对充血性心力衰竭患者心功能及神经内分泌激素的影响。方法40例住院慢性充血性心力衰竭患者,双盲随机分为安慰剂组及治疗组。治疗组在常规治疗基础上加服卡维地洛,安慰剂组在常规治疗基础上加服用等量安慰剂片。观察心率、血压、6 min步行距离、心功能级别、超声心动图测量左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室内径(LVDd),血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及血生化指标,并分别于治疗后1个月,3个月复查。结果心力衰竭患者血浆中NE、PRA、AngⅡ水平均较正常安慰剂组明显升高(P<0.01),且心衰越重,升高越明显。治疗组经治疗后血浆NE、PRA、AngⅡ水平均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01),且心衰恶化发生率亦明显低于安慰剂组,严重心脏事件发生率亦较安慰剂组降低了76%(P=0.028),6 min步行距离、心功能级别均有明显改善,LVEF明显提高,LVDd缩小。结论卡维地洛能降低心衰患者血循环去甲肾上腺素、肾素及血管紧张素水平,改善慢性充血性心力衰竭患者的生活质量,改善心功能。     

The effects of enoximone on renal function in patients with congestive heart failure

Enoximone is an investigational cardiotonic agent with positive inotropic and vasodilatory properties. In this protocol the effects of enoximone on parameters of renal function in patients (n = 14) with New York Heart Association class II or III congestive heart failure were determined after intravenous (IV) treatment (2 mg/kg) and after chronic oral administration (150 mg t.i.d.), either alone or with added furosemide (40 mg b.i.d.). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), filtration fraction, mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were determined each time. Plasma volume (PV) was determined at baseline and after oral enoximone and after oral enoximone plus furosemide. Significant reductions in GFR (18%) and ERPF (20%) were observed after IV treatment but not after oral treatment with or without furosemide. MAP also was lowered significantly by 14% after IV administration but not after oral treatments. PV after oral enoximone plus furosemide was reduced significantly (31%) compared with baseline. These results demonstrate that enoximone produces acute reductions in GFR and ERPF when given intravenously but has no effect on parameters of renal function when given orally, either alone or with furosemide.     

Hemodynamic effects of dopamine in patients with resistant congestive heart failure.

Twelve patients with clinical and hemodynamic evidence of severe congestive heart failure, unresponsive to the usual therapy of salt restriction, oxygen, bed rest, digitalis, and massive doses of diuretics, were studied during a control period and after intravenous dopamine. Seven patients survived and 5 died with intractable failure and shock despite transiently improved hemodynamic indices. At control period and after optimal dose of dopamine, there were no significant changes in heart rate (HR) and mean systemic arterial pressure. The mean pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures decreased slightly. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SVI), and stroke work indices (SWI) rose (p less than 0.005) from the control values of 1.4 +/- 0.1, 15.3 +/- 5, and 13.6 +/- 1.7 to 2.2 +/- 0.1, 24.1 +/- 4, and 24 +/- 2.3, respectively; pulmonary arteriolar (PAR), total pulmonary vascular (TPVR), and systemic vascular (SVR) resistances fell (p less than 0.01). Urine output increased from 13.5 ml/hr before to 58.2 ml/hr after dopamine (p less than 0.005). After 24 and 48 hr of dopamine, in addition to the above hemodynamic changes, PA pressure fell from 38 +/- 4 to 33 +/- 3 and 28 +/- 2, and PCW from 30 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 3 (p less than 0.05). Compared with nonsurvivors, survivors had significant decreases in PA and PCW pressures, PAR, and TPVR and an increase in SWI. These data indicate that dopamine is effective in some patients with refractive congestive heart failure associated with acute oliguric renal failure and that the prognosis may be improved.     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者合并贫血的治疗观察

目的分析老年慢性心衰合并贫血患者抗贫血治疗的临床意义。方法选择老年慢性心衰并贫血患者43例,均予以抗心衰治疗。其中予促红素和(或)铁剂抗贫血治疗23例为观察组,未抗贫血治疗20例为对照组。比较两组治疗后血红细胞、血红蛋白、血细胞比容、心功能分级的变化。结果观察组治疗后贫血明显改善,心功能分级明显好转(P<0.01)。结论老年慢性心衰并贫血患者,有效抗贫血治疗,能改善患者的症状和体征。     

Hemodynamic effects of quinidine and famotidine in patients with congestive heart failure.

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 12 patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class II) were successively treated for 1 week each with placebo, 40 mg famotidine, and 1000 mg quinidine. On the seventh treatment day, heart rate, blood pressure, systolic time intervals, impedance cardiography, and Doppler ultrasound were measured. Heart rate and blood pressure were not markedly altered by either drug. By contrast, quinidine and famotidine significantly decreased stroke volume and cardiac output in impedance cardiography and Doppler ultrasound (p less than 0.05). A high correlation between both noninvasive methods was found for cardiac output and stroke volume (r = 0.93 and r = 0.97 for stroke volume 1 1/2 hours after quinidine and placebo administration, respectively). In addition, the mechanocardiographic ratio of the preejection period to the left ventricular ejection time in systolic time intervals increased significantly 1 1/2 and 3 hours after administration of quinidine and famotidine (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, both quinidine and famotidine exert similar negative effects on cardiac performance, with no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters emerging between the antiarrhythmic agent and the H2-receptor antagonist.     

厄贝沙坦治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的评价厄贝沙坦治疗充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效。方法随机对40例CHF患者分两组,每组20例,对照组给予地高辛、利尿剂和硝酸酯类药物常规治疗,治疗组在上述常规基础上加用厄贝沙坦75～150mg/d,平均8周。观察治疗前后心率、血压、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVDD)、左室内径缩短率(LVFS)及心功能变化。结果与对照组比较,治疗组显效率和总有效率较高(P<0.05),心率、血压及LVDD显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),LVEF、LVFS显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),心功能改善(1-2)级,药物不良反应少,患者耐受性好。结论厄贝沙坦治疗CHF有显著疗效,不良反应少,值得推广。     

曲美他嗪治疗充血性心力衰竭伴室性心律失常临床观察

目的　研究曲美他嗪 (TMZ)治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)并发室性心律失常 (VA)的临床疗效及安全性。方法　选择CHF并VA患者 67例 ,随机分为对照组 (31例 )和治疗组 (36例 )。对照组采用常规综合疗法。治疗组在上述基础上加用TMZ 2 0mg ,每日 3餐后口服。在治疗前及治疗后 8周分别进行 2 4小时动态心电图、超声心动图及临床检查 ,观察加用TMZ后VA及心功能临床征象的变化。结果　治疗 8周后 ,治疗组心功能改善有效率和VA的总有效率分别为 52 .8%和 55 .6 % ,对照组分别为 9.7%和 6 .5 % ,治疗组明显高于对照组 ,均P <0 .0 1 ;治疗组室性期前收缩 (个 /2 4h)由 3 0 68± 466减至 1 387± 93 ,短阵室速 (次 /2 4h)由 1 30± 2 3减至 61± 1 9,而对照组基本无变化。两组比较差异具有统计学意义 ,均P <0 .0 0 1。未发现与药物相关的不良反应。结论　TMZ能改善CHF并VA患者的心功能 ,对VA亦有很好疗效 ,无副作用 ,可作为治疗该病的辅助药物     

Chronic mitral regurgitation and Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with heart failure.

Previous studies relating Doppler parameters and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP) typically exclude patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). We evaluated the effects of varying degrees of chronic MR on the Doppler estimation of PCWP. PCWP and mitral Doppler profiles were obtained in 88 patients (mean age 55 +/- 8 years) with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 23% +/- 5%). Patients were classified by severity of MR. Patients with severe MR had greater left atrial areas, LV end-diastolic volumes, and mean PCWPs and lower ejection fractions (each P <.01). In patients with mild MR, multiple echocardiographic parameters correlated with PCWP; however, with worsening MR, only deceleration time strongly related to PCWP. From stepwise multivariate analysis, deceleration time was the best independent predictor of PCWP overall, and it was the only predictor in patients with moderate or severe MR. Doppler-derived early mitral deceleration time reliably predicts PCWP in patients with severe LV dysfunction irrespective of degree of MR.     

Acute renal failure during nifedipine therapy in a patient with congestive heart failure

A patient with congestive heart failure and normal renal function developed anuria during treatment with nifedipine. This acute renal failure was reversible after discontinuing the drug. Other possible causes of renal function deterioration were excluded. We suggest that nifedipine may have acutely altered renal hemodynamics.     

Acute recognition and management of congestive heart failure

The acute recognition and management of CHF is challenging. A basic understanding of the determinants of cardiac performance and myocardial O2 consumption along with the pathophysiology of CHF is essential knowledge for the physician undertaking to treat this serious disorder. The basic value of the patient history and physical examination along with assessment of noninvasive tests remains unquestioned, but in addition much relevant and sophisticated information can be gained by invasive hemodynamic monitoring. The cardiopulmonary profile generated by such monitoring allows the physician to use specific hemodynamic and circulatory data for the purpose of manipulating these variables favorably for the heart and circulation. A wide array of therapeutic options is currently available, but, in general, respiratory support and pharmacotherapy are the mainstays of treatment. The traditional agents like digitalis and diuretics have assumed a lesser role during the last decade because of the availability of potent new vasodilator and inotropic agents. In addition, certain mechanical, procedural, and surgical options can be used if circumstances are urgent. In the final analysis, physicians who manage these patients must possess strong cognitive skills but also the clinical reflexes to carry them out: for every hemodynamic and circulatory action, they must be prepared to counter quickly and decisively with a clinical reaction which utilizes these principles to optimize cardiac function. It is hoped that the strategies presented in this article will allow them to perform in such a manner.     

螺内酯对充血性心力衰竭患者心率变异性的影响

目的　探讨醛固酮受体拮抗剂螺内酯对充血性心力衰竭 (congestiveheartfailure,CHF)患者心脏自主神经活动的影响。方法　比较 3 2例CHF患者在螺内酯治疗前、第 4周及 16周时心率变异性 (heartreatvariability ,HRV)各项指标和心功能变化。结果　螺内酯 ( 40mg/d)治疗 4周时 ,左室收缩功能无显著变化 ( P >0 .0 5 ) ,治疗 16周时 ,左室收缩功能明显改善 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗前、治疗 4周和 16周时 ,代表心率总变异程度的全部正常R R间期标准差 (standarddeviationofallnormalsinusR Rintervalsover 2 4hours,SDNN)分别为 ( 98.5± 3 2 .0 )、( 115 .4± 3 5 .6)和( 118.1± 3 5 .0 )ms,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;代表迷走神经功能的正常相邻R R间期差值的均方根 (rootmeansquareofthesuccessivenormalsinusR Rintervaldifference ,rMSSD)分别为 ( 2 8.3± 14.6)、( 3 5 .3± 13 .3 )和 ( 3 8.1±13 .9)ms ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　螺内酯可以提高CHF患者心脏迷走神经张力 ,使HRV得到改善     

Respiratory sleep disorders in patients with congestive heart failure

AIM: To examine respiration in sleeping patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Night cardiorespiratory monitoring was made in 30 CHF patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), arterial hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy. The control group consisted of 16 patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea (OSAH) free of CHF. RESULTS: Respiratory sleep disorders were registered in all the examinees. Moderate and severe OSAH occurred more often. CHF patients vs controls had shorter inhalation, expiration, overall duration of the respiratory cycle, higher rate of the respiratory movements. With aggravation of the respiratory disorders in sleeping CHF patients, minute ventilation, respiratory volume and mean inspiratory flow arose. In severe OSAH there was low functional residual lung capacity and high intraalveolar volume in end expiration positive pressure. The above changes may cause fatigue and weakness of the respiratory muscles and alter intracardiac hemodynamics. CONCLUSION: For CHF patients it is recommended to perform CPAP-therapy in sleep.     

Haemodynamic and renal effects of urodilatin bolus injections in patients with congestive heart failure

Urodilatin (ANF(95-126)) is an analogue of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF(99-126)), which has been isolated from human urine. Recently we have shown in healthy volunteers, that intravenous bolus injections of synthetic urodilatin produce more pronounced reductions of pulmonary arterial pressure than ANF(99-126). To compare haemodynamic and renal effects of synthetic urodilatin with those of ANF(99-126) in congestive heart failure (CHF), 12 patients (66.3 +/- 1.4 years) received either two high dose intravenous bolus injections of 4 micrograms kg-1 bw Urodilatin (URO) at a 30 min interval (n = 6) or the same doses of ANF(99-126) (n = 6). Prior to i.v. URO, no URO immunoreactivity was found in human plasma (specific RIA, no crossreactivity to ANF). Similar to ANF, the increase in diuresis (1.4 +/- 0.7 to 3.7 +/- 1.6 ml min-1) and natriuresis (169 +/- 114 to 430 +/- 197 mumol min-1) was moderate after URO in CHF. During the 90 min study period, mean plasma cyclic GMP levels increased much more after URO (by 53.4 +/- 15.1 nM) than after ANF (by 13.1 +/- 3.0 nM; P = 0.04). In contrast to ANF, i.v. bolus injections of URO produced sustained haemodynamic effects in CHF lasting up to 90 min: The average (0-90 min) reduction of systemic vascular resistance was more pronounced after URO (-578 +/- 148) than after ANF (-204 +/- 65 dyn*s*cm-5, P = 0.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

经胸实时三维超声心动图在功能性二尖瓣反流中的应用

目的 采用经胸实时三维超声心动图（RT-3D-TTE）探讨功能性二尖瓣反流（FMR）患者二尖瓣的结构及功能的变化规律。方法 对70例中度及中度以上FMR患者（FMR组;缺血性心肌病、扩张型心肌病亚组各35例）和30名健康志愿者（对照组）分别行RT-3D-TTE检查,采用TomTec二尖瓣分析软件获取二尖瓣参数,分析二尖瓣参数时相变化规律,比较FMR组与对照组间二尖瓣参数的差异。测量参数包括二尖瓣环结构参数：瓣环前后直径（AP）、前外侧至后内侧直径（AL-PM）、球度指数（SPI,SPI=AP/AL-PM）、瓣环周长（AC）、连合处直径（CD）、非平面角度（NPA）、瓣环高度（AH）、幕状区高度（TH）、幕状区容积（TV）、瓣环三维面积（AA_3D）;动态参数：瓣环最大位移（AD_max）、瓣环最大位移速率（ADV_max）。结果 FMR组二尖瓣参数存在时相性变化规律。FMR组AH、AD_max及ADV_max小于对照组（P均<0.05）,余参数均大于对照组（P均<0.05）。缺血性心肌病亚组、扩张型心肌病亚组AH、AD_max及ADV_max均小于对照组（P均<0.05）,余参数均大于对照组（P均<0.05）;扩张型心肌病亚组AH小于缺血性心肌病亚组（P<0.05）,AD_max、ADV_max两组间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,余参数均大于缺血性心肌病亚组（P均<0.05）。结论 RT-3D-TTE可以定量评价FMR患者二尖瓣形态及功能的变化,为其临床治疗提供参考依据。     

Hemodynamic factors forming glycoside resistance in patients with mitral valve defects complicated by congestive heart failure]

Overall 75 patients with rheumatic mitral heart disease were examined for the effect of the clinical and echocardiography characteristics of central and intracardiac hemodynamics on the efficacy of the use of digoxin. The development of digoxin resistance in patients with the predominance of stenosis of the mitral opening depended to the greatest degree on the duration of heart decompensation, area of the mitral opening and duration of the phase of left ventricle relaxation; in patients with the predominance of mitral insufficiency, it depended on the level of endosystolic stress, pressure of left ventricle filling and duration of the phase of isometric left ventricle contraction. Based on the calculation of the information content of the parameters under study, a prognostic table was made. The use of the table allowed forecasting the development of glycoside resistance in 77.6% of cases.