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文章论述主动脉夹层(AD)、主动脉壁间血肿(出血)、主动脉穿透性溃疡的影像学诊断的进展,并讨论三者的关系,提出影像学检查在诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要的作用。     

A larger aortic annulus causes aortic regurgitation and a smaller aortic annulus causes aortic stenosis in bicuspid aortic valve

A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) often causes aortic stenosis (AS) or regurgitation (AR). In 54 patients with a BAV (48 +/- 16 years), transthoracic and transesophageal echo were performed to measure aortic annulus diameter (AAD), to evaluate the severity of aortic valve disease (AVD) and to calculate the area eccentricity index (AEI) of a BAV defined as a ratio of the larger aortic cusp area to a smaller aortic cusp area. By multiple linear regression analysis, the severity of AR correlated significantly with the AAD (r = 0.38) and AEI (r = 0.35) (P < 0.05) and that of AS correlated significantly with the AAD (r =-0.40) and AEI (r = 0.34) (P < 0.05). Thirty-six patients showed anteroposteriorly (A-P) located BAVs and 18 patients showed right-left (R-L) located BAVs. The AAD was larger in A-P type than in R-L type (15 +/- 3 vs 13 +/- 2 mm/BSA, P < 0.05) and there was no difference in the age and AEI between the two groups. AR was more severe in A-P type than in R-L type while AS was more severe in R-L type than in A-P type (P < 0.05). Twenty-nine patients showed raphes. The AEI was larger in raphe (+) type than in raphe (-) type (1.83 +/- 0.53 vs 1.51 +/- 0.47, P < 0.05) and there was no difference in the AAD and severity of AVD between the two groups. In conclusion, a BAV with larger aortic annulus or A-P located will tend to cause AR while a BAV with smaller aortic annulus or R-L located will tend to cause AS.     

主动脉瓣成形术治疗主动脉瓣反流的现状及进展

主动脉瓣成形术（aortic valve repair, AVr）保留了自体瓣膜结构的完整,具有良好的血流动力学指标,无需长期抗凝治疗,免除了人工瓣膜昂贵的经济负担,以及术后较低的瓣膜相关并发症,使得这项技术被广泛接受。AVr适合任何年龄的患者,尤其有利于青少年、孕妇及老年患者。本文将AVr治疗AI（aortic insufficiency, AI）的现状及进展做一综述。     

Asymptomatic chronic traumatic aortic valve perforation with severe aortic regurgitation

Here, we present a young asymptomatic male patient incidentally diagnosed to have aortic regurgitation (AR). The patient had a history of a blunt trauma to the thorax two years back but did never have any symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a moderately dilated left ventricle with normal systolic function and severe AR with normal nondilated aortic root and tri-leaflet aortic valve. To diagnose the etiology of the AR, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was done, which revealed a perforation in the nonadjacent leaflet (NAL) and confirmed severe AR with two AR jets being clearly visualized, one through the point of incomplete coaptation and other one through the perforated area in the NAL. The patient was treated with aortic valve replacement and was doing well on follow-up.     

Quadricuspid aortic valves

Quadricuspid aortic valves (QAV) are a rare but well recognized cause of significant aortic regurgitation. The first case was found reported in 1862. Since then there have been 110 reported cases of QAV and we report 4 more. Previously, these were diagnosed at the time of surgery or postmortem examination. With advances in echocardiography, including harmonic imaging, and also the advent of transesophageal echocardiography, more cases are being diagnosed prior to surgery. We describe four more cases, three diagnosed preoperatively and one at the time of surgery, and then review the previously reported cases. Of the 114 cases reported, 46 had the aortic valve replaced, most commonly in the 5th and 6th decade of life. Hurwitz and Roberts classified quadricuspid valves according to the size of the leaflets. It has previously been believed that QAVs with four equal sized leaflets were less likely to develop significant aortic regurgitation; however, on review of the available cases, this would not appear to be the case. The preoperative diagnosis of QAVs is important as they can be associated with abnormally placed coronary ostium. Of the 114 cases reported, there are 10 reports of abnormally placed ostia. There has been at least one reported case of death occurring because of obstruction of an abnormally placed right coronary ostium by a prosthetic aortic valve.     

同种异体带瓣主动脉行主动脉根部置换的临床效果

目的 :探讨应用低温保存的同种异体带瓣主动脉行主动脉根部重建手术的临床效果。方法 :85例主动脉瓣膜病变患者行同种主动脉根部置换手术 ,术后随访观察临床结果。结果 :随访 39± 13（1.5～ 91）个月。早期手术死亡率 1% （1/ 85 ） ,远期手术死亡率 6 % （5 / 85 ） ;与术前比较心功能明显改善 （P<0 .0 5 ） ;术后随访心内膜炎发生率占2 % （2 / 85 ） ;生存者中瓣膜无或有轻度返流 84 % （6 6 / 79） ,中度返流 16 % （13/ 79）。结论 :同种异体带瓣主动脉根部重建手术效果可靠 ,且并发症少。     

Leaflet entrapment causing acute severe aortic insufficiency during balloon aortic valvuloplasty

Cusp entrapment is a previously unreported mechanism of aortic insufficiency after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. In a patient who developed severe acute aortic insufficiency and expired after balloon aortic valvuloplasty, pathologic evaluation revealed a large, solitary, fractured, calcific nodule in the noncoronary cusp in which the malaligned, irregular fracture surfaces of the nodule had entrapped the leaflet in an open position. The ease with which the entrapped leaflet was reduced by manipulation on postmortem examination suggests that further manipulation of the cusp might restore valve competence in some cases when aortic insufficiency occurs after balloon valvuloplasty in calcific aortic stenosis.     

仿“Z”字主动脉窦部成形技术在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的应用

目的：评估仿“Z”字主动脉窦部成形技术在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的临床疗效;方法：回顾性分析自2014年9月至2018年12月在武汉亚洲心脏病医院大血管中心共收治急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层412例,其中入组125例,包含主动脉瓣重度关闭不全患者60例。男性80例,女性45例;年龄 30-77岁,平均年龄（51.9±9.37）岁。该组患者根部处理均应用仿“Z”字主动脉窦部成形技术,远端半主动脉弓置换15例,全主动脉弓置换110例。全主动脉弓置换患者均置入“象鼻”支架。结果：全组体外循环时间（170±41.2）min;主动脉阻断时间（130.1±30.6）min;深低温停循环时间（25.1±5.9）min。术后随访1.5月—4.3年,术后所有患者主动脉瓣返流程度均为0-1级。 术后经食道超声检查即刻主动窦部残余夹层3例,分别随访1.5年、2.5年和3.0年,未形成动脉瘤,主动脉窦部直径分别为4.3cm、4.2cm和4.5cm。余患者随访期间未发现因主动脉瓣返流及窦部情况再次手术。结论;仿“Z”字主动脉窦部成形技术在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的临床疗效较好,手术操作简单、易掌握、安全有效、易开展。尤其在合并主动脉瓣反流的患者中,避免了换瓣手术,缩短了手术时间,提高了患者的生活质量。     

Biomarkers in acute aortic dissection and other aortic syndromes

Acute aortic syndromes have an incidence of >30 per million per annum and a high mortality without definitive treatment. Survival may relate to the speed of diagnosis. Although pain is the most common symptom, there is a large fraction of patients in whom the diagnosis may be mistaken or overlooked. Currently, a high index of clinical suspicion is the chief prompt that diverts a patient into a definitive algorithm of imaging investigations. Although there is no point-of-care biochemical test that can be reliably used to positively identify dissection, biomarkers are available that could accelerate the diagnostic pathway and thereby expedite treatment.     

Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation after aortic valve repair with HAART 300 device

We report the first successful case, to our knowledge, of CoreValve Evolut R (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) implantation into a failed HAART 300 aortic annuloplasty device (BioStable Science & Engineering, TX). An 81‐year‐old man presented with severe symptomatic aortic regurgitation secondary to failure of the 21 mm HAART 300 device, which had been implanted 45 days previously. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed grade 3 aortic regurgitation with central jet, without aortic valve stenosis. Because of the high risk for redo surgery, the heart team proceeded with femoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The 26 mm CoreValve Evolut R was deployed into the 21 mm HAART 300 device without difficulty or complications. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. The patient was discharged after 5 days. TTE showed a mean aortic valve gradient of 18 mmHg, with minimal paravalvular leak. Our experience suggests that CoreValve Evolut R implantation may be an attractive option in patients with failed HAART 300 aortic annuloplasty.     

Difficulties with horizontal aortic root in transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) emerged to be a viable treatment option for failing bioprosthesis in the aortic position. Transfemoral approach is the most common access route for TAVI and associated with most favorable clinical outcome. However, in the presence of unfavorable aortic root anatomy, TAVI via transfemoral approach provides inadequate support for device manipulation during valve positioning, particularly performed for the indication of severe aortic regurgitation. We report our experience on TAVI utilizing CoreValve for a patient with regurgitant failing bioprosthesis with horizontal aortic root where we encountered difficulties during implantation and retrieval of valve delivery system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The relationship between serum apelin levels and aortic dilatation in bicuspid aortic valve patients

Objective: The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart dis‐ ease. The process of aortic dilatation is not completely clear in patients with the BAV. Apelin is a peptide found at high levels in vascular endothelial cells which has a role in vascular regulation and cardiovascular function. The aim of this study was to de‐ termine the relationship between serum apelin levels and ascending aortic dilatation in adult patients with BAV.
Design: This cross‐sectional study included 62 patients with isolated BAV and to an age, gender, and body mass index‐matched control group of 58 healthy volunteers with tricuspid aortic valve. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed on all patients to determine the type of BAV. Aortic diameters of the aortic root, sinus val‐ salva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were evaluated with echocardiogra‐ phy. Patients with BAV were divided into two subgroups according to the aortic diameters, as the nondilated BAV group and the dilated BAV group. Serum apelin level was analyzed with ELISA method.
Results: The serum apelin levels of the BAV patients were significantly lower than those of the control group (833.5, 25th‐75th percentile (713.5‐1745) pg/dL vs 1669 (936‐2543) pg/dL; P = 0.006). In the subgroup analysis, serum apelin level was signifi‐ cantly different between the nondilated BAV group and the dilated BAV group [977 (790‐2433) pg/dL vs 737 (693‐870) pg/dL, P < 0.05] and between the dilated BAV group and the control group [737 (693‐870) pg/dL vs 1669 (936‐2543) pg/dL, P < 0.001]. In multivariate logistic regression analysis apelin [7.27 (95% CI: 1.73‐30.42), P = 0.007] and age [1.05 (95% CI: 0.99‐1.20), P = 0.049] were determined as inde‐ pendent predictors for ascending aortic dilatation.
Conclusion: Low serum apelin level was associated with dilatation of ascending aor‐ tic in BAV patients. However, apelin was not relevant to BAV without aortic dilatation.     

Hybrid treatment of aortic aneurism,type-A dissection,and aortic valve stenosis

Hybrid multidisciplinary interventions are attractive care options for heart valve and vascular diseases in high-risk patients. We describe the feasibility of staged hybrid aortic arch repair to treat a type Ia endoleak and transcatheter aortic valve replacement to treat an aortic valve stenosis, achieving an escape strategy to treat an unexpected type-A aortic dissection.