丙泊酚静脉麻醉与喉罩通气对支气管黏液运输速度的影响

目的比较丙泊酚或七氟醚麻醉应用喉罩或气管插管机械通气时患者支气管黏液运输速度(BTV)的变化。方法 44例全身麻醉下机械通气患者随机均分为四组:喉罩+丙泊酚组(LP组),气管插管+丙泊酚组(TP组),喉罩+七氟醚组(LS组);气管插管+七氟醚组(TS组)。麻醉诱导用药相同,麻醉维持分别采用丙泊酚6～7mg·kg-1.h-1或七氟醚1.5%～2%联合雷米芬太尼0.1～0.2μg·kg-1.min-1。机械通气5、60min时,在纤维支气管镜引导下,用亚甲蓝在右支气管背段黏膜标记,通过测定亚甲蓝的移动速率计算BTV值。结果机械通气5min后,四组BTV值差异无统计学意义。机械通气60min后,TP、LS、TS组BTV值下降(P0.01),LP组BTV值差异无统计学意义;组间比较,四组BTV值LP组TP组LS组TS组(P0.01)。结论丙泊酚静脉麻醉联合喉罩机械通气对呼吸道黏液纤毛传输功能的抑制作用最小。     

老年冠心病患者全麻恢复期血液动力学变化

目的观察老年冠心病患者于雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚或七氟醚-N2O全麻恢复期血液动力学变化,寻求合理处理,减少老年冠心病患者非心脏手术后心肌再损害。方法32例65~82岁经本院心内科诊断的冠心病患者,ASAⅡ级,分别七氟醚-N2O-O2(SE)吸入或雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚(RP)静脉维持麻醉。芬太尼3μg/kg、咪唑安定0·05mg/kg并吸入纯氧和5%国产七氟醚诱导,琥珀胆碱2mg/kg后,置入LMA-ProSeal喉罩,分别吸入国产七氟醚-N2O-O2或静滴国产雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚,间断0·05mg/kg维库溴铵维持机械通气,调整通气量,使PETCO2保持35~45mmHg。术毕停药,记录停药~睁眼、停药~拔除喉罩时间。术中全程BioZICG无创血液动力学监测,记录恢复期各时点心率(HR)、心输出量(CO)、胸液成分(TFC)、心肌加速度指数(ACI)、外周血管阻力(SVR)、MAP、左心作功(LCW)备分析。结果两组恢复期HR、CO、MAP、ACI、LCW均较术期升高,自停药9min后HR、MAP、LCW高于停药前水平(P<0·05)。SE组自停药9min后HR、MAP分别增加16·7%和13·8%。RP组自停药9min后HR、MAP、LCW分别增加16·9%、13·5%、36·7%。在恢复期两组SVR与停药前比较差异无显著意义,但与诱导前比较两组均呈明显上升趋势,SE组与RP组分别增加了26·4%和15·6%。两组停药~睁眼、停药~拔除喉罩时间无差别。结论雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚静脉麻醉对老年冠心病患者全麻恢复期循环功能抑制轻;但因雷米芬太尼作用消除快,痛反应出现早,应于停药前追加适量芬太尼或舒芬太尼等长效镇痛药,或开启镇痛泵,以消除应激带来的心肌氧耗增加。七氟醚-N2O-O2全麻恢复期,后遗镇痛效应续时较短,亦应考虑适当镇痛。     

吸入七氟醚与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼麻醉在全胃切除手术中的比较

目的 比较七氟醚吸入与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼麻醉在全胃切除手术中的应用效果.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期全胃切除术患者随机均分为七氟醚组(S组)和丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼组(P组).记录围麻醉期各时点的血流动力学、脑电双频指数(BIS)、麻醉药浓度及用量、麻醉恢复期时间和苏醒期不良反应.结果 麻醉期两组DBP、MAP、HR均较麻醉前显著下降(P<0.05).两组患者术中均能维持足够的麻醉深度(BIS 45～60),术中血流动力学平稳.麻醉恢复期P组躁动、呛咳发生率明显低于S组(P<0.05).结论 七氟醚吸入麻醉或丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉均可安全应用于全胃切除手术.     

两种麻醉方法用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间血流动力学的变化

目的观察丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼、七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼两种麻醉方法用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间血流动力学指标的变化。方法50例拟在气管插管全麻下择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的老年病人（年龄≥60岁）随机分为丙泊酚组（P组）和七氟醚组（S组）两组,每组25例。快速诱导后经口插入气管导管,麻醉维持P组采用0．1mg·kg^-1·min^-1丙泊酚和1μg·kg^-1·min^-1雷米芬太尼静脉泵入,S组采用3％～4％七氟醚吸入和1μg·kg^-1·min^-1雷米芬太尼静脉泵入。于麻醉诱导后10min、手术开始后30、45、60min以及术毕30min记录平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、心排血量（CO）、心脏指数（CI）和外周血管阻力（SVR）等血流动力学指标值。结果临床麻醉剂量的丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼、七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼对病人血流动力学指标的影响均较轻,两组间血流动力学指标的差异无统计学意义。结论两种麻醉方法对老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间心血管功能的影响程度相似。     

探讨不同浓度七氟醚喉罩吸入联合瑞芬太尼静脉泵入用于新生儿的麻醉效果

目的比较不同浓度七氟醚喉罩吸入联合瑞芬太尼静脉泵入用于新生儿的麻醉效果。方法将99例接受择期手术治疗的新生儿随机分为3组,各33例。患儿术前均接受相同剂量的海俄辛、芬太尼和异丙酚诱导麻醉,待角膜反射完全消失后,给予不同浓度的七氟醚喉罩吸入联合瑞芬太尼静脉泵入维持麻醉,A、B、C 3组的七氟醚浓度分别为2.0%、1.5%、1.0%。比较3组麻醉效果。结果 3组患儿各时点HR、SpO_2、MAP的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B、C组患儿苏醒时间、PAED评分优于A组,B组患儿不良事件总发生率低于A、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同浓度七氟醚喉罩吸入联合瑞芬太尼静脉泵入用于新生儿的麻醉效果相当,但1.5%浓度的七氟醚安全性最高。     

雷米芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻在腹腔镜手术的应用

目的观察雷米芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻在腹腔镜手术的应用中对血流动力学的影响。方法35例全麻下腹腔镜胆囊或妇产科手术病人,男6例,女29例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,以雷米芬太尼1μg/kg、咪唑安定2～3mg、丙泊酚1～2mg/kg、维库溴铵8mg作麻醉诱导后气管插管;麻醉维持为雷米芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1、丙泊酚2mg·kg-1·min-1微量输注泵恒速输入,吸入1%～2%七氟醚,间断追加维库溴铵4mg。记录诱导前后血流动力学变化。结果注入雷米芬太尼后BP和HR明显下降,注入丙泊酚后进一步下降,气管插管后明显回升,切皮时较插管后下降。气腹后CO、每搏量(SV)和心脏指数(CI)均明显下降;随后逐步回升,放气后恢复或高于基础水平。结论雷米芬太尼和七氟醚均起效快、作用时间短,无蓄积,适用于腹腔镜下的短小手术。     

鼻咽通气道-面罩自主呼吸下丙泊酚-芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻用于小儿短小手术的效果:与喉罩自主呼吸的比较

目的 比较鼻咽通气道-面罩和喉罩自主呼吸下丙泊酚-芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻用于小儿短小手术的效果.方法 择期腹股沟斜疝高位结扎术患儿72例,采用随机数字表法,将患儿分为2组(n=36):鼻咽通气道-面罩组(M组)和喉罩组(L组).静脉注射丙泊酚1.0 mg/kg和芬太尼2.0μg/kg,保留自主呼吸,意识消失后扣上面罩,吸入2 L/min氧气和3％七氟醚,BIS值50 ～ 60时,L组置入2号喉罩,M组经左鼻腔置入鼻咽通气道并扣紧面罩,连接麻醉机行紧闭循环自主呼吸,切皮前5 min静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg,术中吸入七氟醚,维持BIS值40 ～ 60.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉诱导后3min、成功置入喉罩或鼻咽通气道即刻、切皮即刻、切皮后3 min、拔出喉罩或鼻咽通气道即刻测定MAP、HR、PETCO2和SpO2,记录置入喉罩或鼻咽通气道的时间和成功情况、苏醒时间、离开手术室时间及不良反应发生情况.结果 与L组比较,插管、拔管时M组MAP、HR降低,置入鼻咽通道时间较短且一次性置入成功率(100％)明显升高,患儿躁动评分及拔管后上呼吸道梗阻发生率明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 鼻咽通气道-面罩自主呼吸下丙泊酚-芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻用于小儿短小手术,易于建立人工通气道并可维持自主呼吸,对循环功能影响轻微,还可明显减少麻醉恢复期并发症的发生,其效果优于喉罩自主呼吸方式.     

七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼快通道麻醉在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的观察七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼快通道麻醉在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用效果。方法 60例择期行鼻内窥镜手术患者,年龄21～55岁,随机分为三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉,Ⅱ组丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼,Ⅲ组七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼。观察三组患者术中、术后血流动力学变化,记录术后拔管时间、清醒时间、术后躁动评分(RS)、意识状态评分(OAA/S)等。结果三组术中血压控制均较满意。术后Ⅱ、Ⅲ组拔管时间及清醒时间较Ⅰ组短,躁动发生率稍低(P0.05)。结论七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼静吸复合麻醉与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉均为鼻内窥镜手术提供安全、快捷、苏醒彻底的快通道麻醉方法。     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉输注在颈动脉内膜剥脱术麻醉中的应用

目的 观察丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉持续输注在颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)麻醉中对血流动力学的影响,探讨适合CEA的麻醉方法.方法 32例ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级拟在全麻下行CEA患者,依据麻醉维持用药方案不同随机均分为雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(R组)和异氟醚复合丙泊酚组(Ⅰ组).在相同麻醉诱导方案完成气管插管后,R组以雷米芬太尼0.1～0.2 μg·kg1·min-1联合丙泊酚3～5 mg·kg-1·h-1静脉持续输注;Ⅰ组以1%～3%异氟醚吸入,并静脉持续输注丙泊酚3～5mg·kg-1·h-1.记录切皮时(T1)、颈动脉阻断前(T2)、内膜剥脱时(T3)、阻断开放后(T4)、缝合切口时(T3)的血流动力学波动情况及术中心血管事件发生率.在麻醉诱导前(TA)、领动脉阻断前(TB)、内膜剥脱时(TC)和颈动脉开放后(TD)采集动脉血行血气分析并检测血糖(Glu),记录pH值和BE的变化.结果 R组患者在各时点HR、SBP的波动均明显小于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);R组高血压、低血压和心动过速、心动过缓的发生率以及降压药、升压药和艾司洛尔的使用率明显低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);两组患者TB、TC、TD时pH、BE均显著低于TA时(P＜0.05),Glu显著高于TA时(P＜0.05);组间比较,R组患者pH值TC、TD时显著高于Ⅰ组,TC、TD时BE显著高于Ⅰ组,Glu显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉持续输注在CEA麻醉中对血流动力学影响小,心血管事件发生率低,能明显提高麻醉安全和质量.     

喉罩下七氟醚用于先天性心脏病患儿介入手术的麻醉效果

目的比较喉罩-七氟醚与静脉氯胺酮麻醉在先天性心脏病患儿介入手术中的麻醉效果。方法 50例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,3~7岁择期行先天性心脏病介入手术患儿,随机均分为喉罩-七氟醚麻醉组(A组)与氯胺酮全麻组(B组)。记录麻醉前(T0)、切皮前(T1)、切皮后1 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、术毕(T4)MAP与HR;观察镇静、镇痛效果及苏醒时间。结果两组术中镇静、镇痛效果均佳,差异无统计学意义;与A组相比,T1~T4时B组MAP升高,HR增快(P<0.05),苏醒时间延长(P<0.05),SpO2<96%的发生率升高(P<0.05)。结论喉罩-七氟醚麻醉在先天性心脏病患儿介入手术中优于氯胺酮静脉麻醉。     

Brainstem anaesthesia after peribulbar anaesthesia

Purpose  To present a case of brainstem anaesthesia as a complication of peribulbar anaesthesia. Clinical features  A 75-yr-old woman received peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. A few seconds after the block was performed, she had a respiratory arrest, became unconscious, and developed hypertension and tachycardia followed by hypotension and bradycardia. Ventilatory and haemodynamic support were performed before the patient regained adequate spontaneous breathing and normal heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion  Peribulbar anaesthesia generally cames a low risk of serious complications. However, respiratory arrest and brainstem anaesthesia may occur as complications of peribulbar blocks.

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Résumé Objectif  Présenter un cas d’anesthésie du tronc cérébral compliquant une anesthésie péribulbaire. éléments cliniques  Un bloc péribulbaire était réalisé chez une femine de 75 ans pour l’extraction d’une cataracte. Quelques secondes après l’injection, la patiente cessait de respirer et perdait conscience. Elle devenait hypertendue et tachycarde puts hypotendue et bradycarde. La ventilation et la circulation devaient être supportées jusqu’au retour spontané à la normale. Conclusion  En général, l’anesthésie péribulbare comporte un faible risque de complications sérieuses. Un arrêt respiratoire par anesthésie du tronc cérébral est toujours possible.

     

Spinal anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia is the injection of local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space. It is a simple technique that can be used to provide surgical anaesthesia for procedures involving the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. To perform the technique safely it is important to understand the physiology of the block and the pharmacology of the drugs commonly used. Although serious complications are rare, they must be recognized and managed quickly.     

Low-flow anaesthesia

An 8-week survey was conducted to determine whether the introduction of low-flow anaesthesia (a fresh gas flow of 4 litres/minute or less) into routine use would be acceptable to members of a representative anaesthetic department and if the consequent reduction in use of volatile anaesthetics would result in financial savings. The hourly consumption of the volatile agents was measured during anaesthesia conducted using either conventional or low fresh gas flows. Anaesthetists' acceptance of low-flow anaesthesia was assessed using a questionnaire. Data were gathered on 286 patients undergoing inhalational anaesthesia for routine operative procedures. A 54.7% reduction in the consumption of isoflurane and a 55.9% reduction in that of enflurane was found. Of the 28 anaesthetists at the hospital, 21 would use low-flow anaesthesia routinely. The routine use of low-flow anaesthesia would therefore be acceptable and could result in annual savings of 26,870 pounds at Northwick Park Hospital.     

Spinal anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia involves the injection of local anaesthetic solution into the intrathecal space. It is a widely practiced anaesthetic technique that can provide surgical anaesthesia for procedures below the umbilicus. Due to the proximity of the central nervous system, safe practice is of paramount importance and requires a good understanding of relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Complications are rare but need to be recognized and managed rapidly and appropriately.     

Inhalational anaesthesia

The use of inhalational agents for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in clinical practice has undergone significant advances in safety and effectiveness since its introduction in the 1800s. In the United Kingdom, desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane are the most commonly used agents. The ideal inhalational anaesthetic would have a low blood:gas solubility coefficient and a high oil:gas coefficient, which would generate a fast onset and high potency, respectively. Inhaled agents are delivered by vaporizers that are specific to each agent, and concentrations are closely measured to deliver safe anaesthesia. Expired concentrations of the volatile are used to monitor alveolar concentrations, which are used as a surrogate for the partial pressure in the brain, governing the effect of the agent. Unfortunately, inhaled anaesthesia is a cause of global warming, with inhalational agents representing 5% of the carbon footprint of the whole NHS. Consequently, their use needs to be tightly regulated.