Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: International expert opinion on definition,diagnosis, and management |
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| Authors: | Maria Domenica Cappellini Josep Comin‐Colet Angel de Francisco Axel Dignass Wolfram Doehner Carolyn S. Lam Iain C. Macdougall Gerhard Rogler Clara Camaschella Rezan Kadir Nicholas J. Kassebaum Donat R. Spahn Ali T. Taher Khaled M. Musallam |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Rare Diseases Centre, Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy;2. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy;3. Community Heart Failure Program, Department of Cardiology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona and Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Liobregat, Barcelona, Spain;4. Department of Nephrology, Valdecilla Universitario Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain;5. Department of Medicine I, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany;6. Center for Stroke Research CSB and Department of Cardiology, Virchow Campus, Charité Universit?tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;7. Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke‐NUS Medical School, Singapore;8. Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom;9. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;10. Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita‐Salute University, Milan, Italy;11. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Royal Free Foundation Hospital and University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom;12. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC;13. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC;14. Institute of Anaesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;15. Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon;16. International Network of Hematology, London, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | Iron deficiency, even in the absence of anemia, can be debilitating, and exacerbate any underlying chronic disease, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is frequently concomitant with chronic inflammatory disease; however, iron deficiency treatment is often overlooked, partially due to the heterogeneity among clinical practice guidelines. In the absence of consistent guidance across chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory bowel disease, we provide practical recommendations for iron deficiency to treating physicians: definition, diagnosis, and disease‐specific diagnostic algorithms. These recommendations should facilitate appropriate diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency to improve quality of life and clinical outcomes. |
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