恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤中 TBX2 基因突变及相关蛋白 表达的临床意义

常方圆, 杜晓玲, 戴弘季, 任志午, 廖志超, 杨吉龙

常方圆, 杜晓玲, 戴弘季, 任志午, 廖志超, 杨吉龙. 恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤中 TBX2 基因突变及相关蛋白 表达的临床意义[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2017, 44(1): 29-35. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.01.014
引用本文: 常方圆, 杜晓玲, 戴弘季, 任志午, 廖志超, 杨吉龙. 恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤中 TBX2 基因突变及相关蛋白 表达的临床意义[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2017, 44(1): 29-35. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.01.014
CHANG Fangyuan, DU Xiaoling, DAI Hongji, REN Zhiwu, LIAO Zhichao, YANG Jilong. TBX2 gene mutation and the clinical significance of relatedprotein expressionin malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2017, 44(1): 29-35. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.01.014
Citation: CHANG Fangyuan, DU Xiaoling, DAI Hongji, REN Zhiwu, LIAO Zhichao, YANG Jilong. TBX2 gene mutation and the clinical significance of relatedprotein expressionin malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2017, 44(1): 29-35. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.01.014

恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤中 TBX2 基因突变及相关蛋白 表达的临床意义

基金项目: 

本文课题受国家自然科学基金项目 81372872 and 81402215

详细信息
    作者简介:

    常方圆专业方向为骨与软组织肿瘤诊治。E-mail:fangyuanbaby@163.com

    通讯作者:

    杨吉龙,教授,医学博士,主任医师,博士生导师,现任天津医科大学肿瘤医院骨与软组织肿瘤科副主任。兼任中国抗癌协会肉瘤专业委员会委员、中华医学会肿瘤分会青年委员。曾获天津市“131创新型人才”、天津市高校“中青年骨干创新人才”、“全国卫生系统青年岗位能手”等称号。主要从事骨与软组织肉瘤的外科治疗及肉瘤基因组学研究工作。主持及参与省部级以上课题12项。科研成果获中国抗癌协会科技奖三等奖(2014年) 、天津市科技进步奖三等奖(2015 年) 。在Clinical Cancer Research、Molecular & Cellular Pro?teomics、Cancer、Cancer letters、European Journal of Cancer、Journal of Hematology & Oncology、Oncotarget等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇,参与编写专著8册。yangjilong@tjmuch.com

TBX2 gene mutation and the clinical significance of relatedprotein expressionin malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Funds: 

the National Natural Science Foundation of China 81372872 and 81402215

More Information
  • 摘要:
      目的  检测恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤基因组异常并探讨TBX2、CHK2和p53在恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤中的表达及其临床意义。
      方法  收集天津医科大学肿瘤医院骨与软组织肿瘤科1991年1月至2011年12月手术切除并经病理证实的恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织标本63例。从中选取新鲜且DNA质量合格的肿瘤样本12例,采用第二代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS) 方法,检测人恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织样本基因组异常情况。应用免疫组织化学方法检测63例恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织样本中TBX2、CHK2和p53的表达情况。
      结果  12例恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织样本中,有1例TBX2基因突变。63例恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织样本中,TBX2、CHK2和p53的高表达率分别为60.3%(38/63) 、47.6%(30/63) 及30.2%(19/63) 。TBX2的高表达与AJCC分期、复发和转移有显著相关性(P<0.05) ;TBX2的表达与CHK2的表达呈正相关(r=0.254,P=0.045) ,CHK2的表达与p53的表达呈正相关(r=0.343,P=0.006) 。高表达TBX2、CHK2和p53的无病生存时间及总生存时间均显著低于低表达组(P<0.05) ,且TBX2、CHK2和p53均为恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤的独立预后因素。
      结论  TBX2及其相关蛋白的表达可能在恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤发生发展过程中起重要作用,检测其表达有望为MPNST预后提供理论依据。
    Abstract:
      Objective   To detect genomic aberrations and investigate the expression and clinical significance of TBX2,CHK2, and p53 i malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) tissues.
      Methods   We collected 63 cases of MPNST tissue samples, which were remove by resection and were confirmed by pathology, from January 1991 to December 2011 in Department of Bone and Sofer Tissu Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Twelve fresh tumor samples with qualified DNA quality were selecte from the above 63 cases of tissue samples. Genome abnormalities of 12 MPNST tissues were detected by next-generation sequencing.The protein expression levels of TBX2, CHK2, and p53 in 63 MPNST tissue samples were assessed by immunohistochemistry staining.
      Results   One case of TBX2 gene mutation was observed out of the 12 MPNST tissue samples. In 63 MPNST tissue samples, the protein expression rates of TBX2, CHK2, and p53 were 60.3%(38/63), 47.6%(30/63), and 30.2% (19/63), respectively. TBX2 expression was significantl correlated with AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC) stage, recurrence, and metastasis (P<0.05). TBX2 expressio was directly correlated with that of CHK2 (r=0.254, P=0.045), and CHK2 expression was directly correlated with that of p53 (r=0.343, P=0.006). In terms of the disease-free survival and overall survival time, patients with high expression levels of TBX2, CHK2, an p53 had significantly worse prognosis than patients with low expression levels of TBX2, CHK2, and p53(all P<0.05). TBX2, CHK2, an p53 were independent prognostic factors of MPNST.
      Conclusion   TBX2 and its associated proteins may play important roles in MPNS development and progression. Detecting TBX2 expression may provide the theoretical basis for estimating the prognosis of patient with MPNST.
  • 恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤(malignant peripheral nerv sheath tumor,MPNST) 是指任何起源于外周神经分支或外周神经纤维鞘的恶性肿瘤,除外起源于神经外膜或外周神经血管系统的肿瘤[1-2],约占所有软组织恶性肿瘤的5%~10%[3],其主要生物学特性是侵袭性和转移性强,进展迅速,预后差,属于难治性肿瘤[4-6]

    MPNST的发生发展是多基因、多因素共同作用的结果。检测MPNST组织中某些基因及其表达的异常情况可能会为探讨MPNST的发病机制奠定基础。TBX2(T-box2) 基因是T-BOX基因家族成员之一,能够指导胚胎以及组织器官轴向发育,属发育调控相关转录因子基因[7],在多种肿瘤中高表达,与细胞凋亡、细胞恶性转化以及肿瘤细胞增殖等相关[8],其促进肿瘤发生、发展的作用日益受到关注。细胞周期检测点激酶2(cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2,CHK2) 是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,在DNA损伤修复及维持染色体稳定性方面发挥重要作用,其基因突变或功能异常与多种肿瘤的发生相关[9]。p53是重要的肿瘤抑制基因,对细胞生长、凋亡和DNA修复具有调控作用,其突变或异常表达与多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,可作为指导治疗和评价预后的重要指标[10]。Wansleben等[11]在乳腺癌中的研究表明,TBX2能够促进乳腺癌细胞的DNA损伤修复,敲除TBX2后,其下游的CHK2 和p53 水平降低,从而阻止了DNA 的修复,导致肿瘤细胞有丝分裂紊乱而凋亡。

    目前对一些原癌基因在MPNST发生发展中的作用已有一定认识,但TBX2及其相关蛋白CHK2和p53在MPNST发病中的作用国内外少有报道。本研究通过NGS方法检测人MPNST基因组异常情况,并采用免疫组织化学方法检测TBX2、CHK2 和p53 在MPNST中的表达情况,结果显示TBX2及其相关蛋白CHK2和p53的异常表达可能与MPNST的发生发展相关。

    选取天津医科大学肿瘤医院骨与软组织肿瘤科1991年1月至2011年12月手术切除并经病理证实的恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织标本63例。随访时间从1994年8月至2015年4月,部分病例(11例) 随访时间<2年。本研究获得本院伦理委员会的批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。

    63例患者中:男性35例,女性28例;中位年龄45(6~86) 岁;组织学分型:58例为散发型周围神经鞘膜瘤,5例为NF1型的恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤;头部肿瘤10例,躯干部26例,四肢27例;肿瘤直径≤5 cm者24例,5~10 cm者22例,>10 cm者16例,1例失访;根据美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee o Cancer,AJCC) 肿瘤分期标准,7例为Ⅰ期,32例为Ⅱ期,9例为Ⅲ期,12例为Ⅳ期,3例失例;25例术后接受放疗,33例未接受放疗5例失访;25例术后接受化疗,33例未接受化疗,5例失访;40例为广泛切除,23例为边缘切除5例失访;40例复发,23例无复发;24例发生转移,39 例未转移。患者的总生存(overal survival,OS) 定义为从疾病诊断开始至因任何原因引起患者死亡的时间。患者的无病生存时间(diseasefre survival,DFS) 定义为从疾病诊断开始至疾病复发、转移或由于疾病进展导致患者死亡的时间。

    从上述63例组织标本中选取新鲜且DNA质量合格的肿瘤样本12例,对其全外显子进行第二代测序,其临床资料见表 1,其中编号为7的患者进行了两个不同部位肿瘤的测序。

    表  1  12 例用于二代测序的MPNST 样本的临床特点
    Table  1.  Clinical features of 12 MPNST samples used for the next-generation sequencing
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    DNA提取试剂盒购自德国Qiagen公司。兔抗人TBX2多克隆抗体购自美国Novus生物技术公司,兔抗人CHK2多克隆抗体及鼠抗人p53单克隆抗体均购自美国Abcam公司,工作浓度分别为1:50,1:200和1:50。SP染色试剂盒及DAB显色试剂盒均购自北京中杉试剂公司。

    由本课题组人员进行组织样本DNA提取[12],将备好的DNA工作液送至华大基因公司(深圳) 行第二代测序,并将所得测序数据进行生物信息学分析。

    采用免疫组化链霉素亲生物素-辣根过氧化物酶法(SP法) 进行检测,以已知阳性切片做阳性对照,以PBS代替一抗作为阴性对照。

    在无背景染色情况下,以细胞质或细胞核染成黄色至棕褐色细颗粒状为阳性反应。在高倍镜下(×400) 对阳性细胞进行评分,随机选择5个视野,总共计数500个细胞。将阳性细胞按所占百分比分为5级:<5%为0分,5%~25%为1分,25%~50%为2分,50%~75%为3分,>75%为4分。同时对细胞着色强度进行分级:0分为无色,1分为淡黄色,2分为棕黄色,3分为棕黑色。以两者相加为所得分数:≤1分为阴性(-) ,2~3分为弱阳性(+) ,4~5分为中等阳性(++) ,6~7分为强阳性(+++) 。阴性(-) 和弱阳性(+) 为低表达组,而中等阳性(++) 和强阳性(+++) 为高表达组。

    采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行分析。TBX2、CHK2和p53的表达与临床病理参数之间的关系用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法检验。各蛋白间相关性采用Spearma 等级相关分析。各蛋白及临床病理参数与生存的关系采用Log-rank检验及Cox比例风险回归模型(Cox′s pro⁃portional hazards regression model,简称Cox模型) 计算。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

    对12例MPNST组织样本进行全基因组及外显子组测序发现,NF1 与TP53 基因缺失及突变,CD⁃KN2A、EED 及SUZ12 等基因缺失,MDM2、CDK4 及CCND2基因扩增,与相关的报道相一致[12-15]。另外,还发现3例TBX1基因和1例TBX2基因突变(图 1) 。TBX1基因与胚胎组织器官发育有关,目前尚无报道TBX1基因突变及蛋白表达水平与肿瘤有关,而既往文献报道TBX2 在肿瘤中作用较大,故本研究针对TBX2进行了研究。结合TBX2在其他多种肿瘤中的重要作用,推测TBX2基因异常可能是MPNST发生及演进过程中的重要因素。

    图  1  MPNST中TBX2基因突变及其它基因的改变
    Figure  1.  TBX2 gene mutation and other genetic changes in MPNST

    患者的DFS和OS分别为0~149.4个月(mDFS=17.0) 和0.3~150.5个月(mOS=66.87) 。TBX2蛋白主要表达于细胞核(图 2A) ,其高表达率为60.3%(38/63) 。TBX2高表达与AJCC分期、复发和转移有显著相关性,高表达TBX2组患者AJCC分期晚,复发转移率显著增高(表 2) 。而且,TBX2高表达组的DFS及OS均显著降低(P 均<0.05,图 2B2C) 。

    表  2  MPNST 中TBX2、CHK2 和p53 的表达与临床病理参数的关系
    Table  2.  Relationship of TBX2,CHK2,and p53 expression levels with clinicopathological parameters in MPNST
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  2  MPNST中TBX2的表达及其与预后的关系
    Figure  2.  TBX2 expression and its relationship with MPNST prognosis
    A. TBX2 expression in MPNST (original magnification: ×400) ; B. Patients with high TBX2 expression had worse DFS than those with low TBX2 expression (P<0.01) ; C. Patients with high TBX2 expression had worse OS than those with low TBX2 expression (P<0.01)

    经Spearman等级相关性分析,TBX2的表达与CHK2的表达呈正相关(r==0.254,P=0.045) ,CHK2的表达与p53的表达呈正相关(r=0.343,P=0.006) ,而TBX2的表达与p53的表达无相关性(r=0.109,P=0.396) 。

    CHK2和p53蛋白主要表达于细胞核(图 3A3B) ,其高表达组阳性率分别为47.6%(30/63) 及30.2%(19/63) 。CHK2和p53与临床病理参数之间无相关性(P 0.05,表 2) 。采用Kaplan-Meier分析CHK2和p53表达与DFS及OS的关系,结果发现高表达CHK2组和p53组患者的预后均较低表达组预后差,且差异具有统计学意义(P 均<0.05,图 3C3F) 。

    图  3  MPNST中CHK2和p53的表达及其与预后生存的关系
    Figure  3.  CHK2 and p53 expression and its relationship with MPNST prognosis
    A. CHK2 expression in MPNST (original magnification: ×400) ; B. p53 expression in MPNST (original magnification: ×400) ; C. Patients with high CHK2 expression had worse DFS than those with low CHK2 expression (P<0.05) ; D. Patients with high CHK2 expression had worse OS than those with low CHK2 expression (P<0.01) ; E. Patients with high p53 expression had worse DFS than those with low p53 expression (P<0.05) ; F. Patients with high p53 expression had worse OS than those with low p53 expression (P<0.05)

    单因素分析显示NF1亚型、有复发及转移组患者的预后均比非NF1亚型、无复发及转移患者的生存预后差,且差异有统计学意义(P 均<0.01) ,而其他参数如性别、年龄、肿瘤的部位、肿瘤直径、放疗及化疗等与生存预后无相关性(表 3) 。Cox多因素分析显示复发、转移、TBX2、CHK2 及p53 的表达均是MPNST 的独立预后因素(P 均<0.05,图 4) 。

    表  3  MPNST 患者的临床病理参数与DFS 和OS 的关系
    Table  3.  The relationship of clinicopathological parameters with DFS and OS in MPNST
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  4  MPNST中显著影响DFS及OS的因素
    Figure  4.  Significant influencing of DFS and OS in MPNST
    ▶A. Patients who experienced recurrence had worse DFS than those who did not experience recurrence (P<0.01) ; B. Patients who experienced metastasis had worse DFS than those who did not experience metastasis (P<0.05) ; C. Patients with high p53 expression had worse DFS than those with low p53 expression (P<0.01) ; D. Forest graph of the multivariate analysis for DFS. Recurrence,metastasis,and p53 were independent prognostic factors of MPNST; E. Patients with high TBX2 expression had worse OS than those with low TBX2 expression (P<0.05) ; F. Patients with high CHK2 expression had worse OS than those with low CHK2 expression (P<0.05) ; G. Forest graph of the multivariate analysis for OS. TBX2 and CHK2 were independent prognostic factors of MPNST

    本研究发现,高表达TBX2的MPNST患者预后明显较差,提示TBX2可能促进肿瘤细胞恶性进展,此结果与宋晓环等[16]应用免疫组织化学方法检测TBX2在甲状腺癌组织中的表达、徐傲等[17]检测TBX2在子宫内膜样腺癌中的表达结果性质一致。本实验还发现,TBX2蛋白高表达与临床分期、复发和转移密切相关,差异具有统计学意义,可能是由于TBX2高表达导致细胞周期调控失常,增强了癌细胞的增殖及浸润能力,易于突破基底膜向肌层及更远处浸润性生长,使MPNST的恶性程度增加,TBX2表达越高,预后越差。但是,MPNST 中TBX2 的具体作用及其与TBX2基因突变的关系还需进一步研究。

    本研究中,CHK2与临床病理参数无相关性,但CHK2高表达组的MPNST患者预后较低表达组差,且差异具有统计学意义,说明CHK2可能是影响MPNS 发展的一个重要因素,但其具体机制,还有待进一步研究。

    Rouse等[18]报道当DNA发生损伤时,毛细血管扩张性共济失调突变基因(ataxia telangiectasia mutated,ATM) /CHK2信号通路被激活,引起细胞周期阻滞,从而使DNA 得到修复。ATM 磷酸化后激活CHK2,CHK2 又可磷酸化p53 的丝氨酸Ser20 位点,以保持p53的稳定,说明CHK2和p53相互作用可以维持细胞基因组的稳定,使基因损伤得以修复。另有研究表明,在对顺铂耐药的乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7中敲除了内源性TBX2后,磷酸化的CHK2和p53水平降低,S期阻滞停止而G2/M期阻滞激活,阻止了DNA的修复,从而导致肿瘤细胞有丝分裂紊乱而凋亡,肿瘤细胞对顺铂的敏感性增强[11],说明TBX2、CHK2和p53共同参与了乳腺癌细胞的恶化及增殖。本研究显示TBX2、CHK2 和p53 均定位于细胞核,并且TBX2 与CHK2的表达呈正相关,CHK2与p53的表达呈正相关,说明在MPNST中三者可能发挥协同作用,从而影响MPNST的生物学行为。因此,尽管目前的结果提示TBX2、CHK2和p53可能与MPNST 的发生发展密切相关,其具体作用和机制还需要进一步的研究。

  • 图  1   MPNST中TBX2基因突变及其它基因的改变

    Figure  1.   TBX2 gene mutation and other genetic changes in MPNST

    图  2   MPNST中TBX2的表达及其与预后的关系

    Figure  2.   TBX2 expression and its relationship with MPNST prognosis

    A. TBX2 expression in MPNST (original magnification: ×400) ; B. Patients with high TBX2 expression had worse DFS than those with low TBX2 expression (P<0.01) ; C. Patients with high TBX2 expression had worse OS than those with low TBX2 expression (P<0.01)

    图  3   MPNST中CHK2和p53的表达及其与预后生存的关系

    Figure  3.   CHK2 and p53 expression and its relationship with MPNST prognosis

    A. CHK2 expression in MPNST (original magnification: ×400) ; B. p53 expression in MPNST (original magnification: ×400) ; C. Patients with high CHK2 expression had worse DFS than those with low CHK2 expression (P<0.05) ; D. Patients with high CHK2 expression had worse OS than those with low CHK2 expression (P<0.01) ; E. Patients with high p53 expression had worse DFS than those with low p53 expression (P<0.05) ; F. Patients with high p53 expression had worse OS than those with low p53 expression (P<0.05)

    图  4   MPNST中显著影响DFS及OS的因素

    Figure  4.   Significant influencing of DFS and OS in MPNST

    ▶A. Patients who experienced recurrence had worse DFS than those who did not experience recurrence (P<0.01) ; B. Patients who experienced metastasis had worse DFS than those who did not experience metastasis (P<0.05) ; C. Patients with high p53 expression had worse DFS than those with low p53 expression (P<0.01) ; D. Forest graph of the multivariate analysis for DFS. Recurrence,metastasis,and p53 were independent prognostic factors of MPNST; E. Patients with high TBX2 expression had worse OS than those with low TBX2 expression (P<0.05) ; F. Patients with high CHK2 expression had worse OS than those with low CHK2 expression (P<0.05) ; G. Forest graph of the multivariate analysis for OS. TBX2 and CHK2 were independent prognostic factors of MPNST

    表  1   12 例用于二代测序的MPNST 样本的临床特点

    Table  1   Clinical features of 12 MPNST samples used for the next-generation sequencing

    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   MPNST 中TBX2、CHK2 和p53 的表达与临床病理参数的关系

    Table  2   Relationship of TBX2,CHK2,and p53 expression levels with clinicopathological parameters in MPNST

    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   MPNST 患者的临床病理参数与DFS 和OS 的关系

    Table  3   The relationship of clinicopathological parameters with DFS and OS in MPNST

    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2016-08-31
  • 修回日期:  2016-09-30
  • 发布日期:  2017-01-24

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