Bufalin inhibits migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma SK‐Hep1 cells through the inhibitions of NF‐kB and matrix metalloproteinase‐2/‐9‐signaling pathways |
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| Authors: | Shu‐Chun Hsu Chao‐Lin Kuo Shu‐Jen Chang Jen‐Jyh Lin Ping‐Ping Wu Jia‐You Liu Ching‐Hsiao Lee Jin‐Biou Chang |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC;2. School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC;3. School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC;4. Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC;5. Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC;6. Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC;7. Jen‐The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC |
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| Abstract: | Metastasis plays an important role in mortality of cancer patients. Migration and invasion are the major characteristics of tumor metastasis. The induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP‐2 and ‐9 are particularly important for the invasiveness of various cancer cells. Bufalin, a class of toxic steroids, was purified from the skin glands of Bufo gargarizans or Bufo melanostictus; it is known to inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the antiinvasive mechanisms of bufalin in the human hepatocellular cancer cell line SK‐Hep1. Bufalin significantly reduced serum‐induced cell invasion and migration. Furthermore, bufalin markedly inhibited MMP‐2 and ‐9 activity, mRNA expression and protein levels in SK‐Hep1 cells. Bufalin attenuated phosphoinisitide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylation of AKT which was associated with reduced levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB). Bufalin also suppressed protein levels of FAK and Rho A, VEGF, MEKK3, MKK7, and uPA and it diminished NF‐κB translocation. Based on these observations, we propose that bufalin is acts as an antiinvasive agent by inhibiting MMP‐2 and ‐9 and involving PI3K/AKT and NF‐κB pathways. Bufalin is a potential therapeutic agent that may have efficacy in preventing the invasion and metastasis of malignant liver tumors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 74–82, 2015. |
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| Keywords: | bufalin migration SK‐Hep1 NF‐κ B matrix metalloproteinase‐2/‐9 |
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