Actions and interactions of estradiol and glucocorticoids in cognition and the brain: Implications for aging women |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Cell Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan;1. Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain;2. Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Calle José Antonio Novais 12, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;3. Laboratorio de Psicobiología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jal. Mexico |
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Abstract: | Menopause involves dramatic declines in estradiol production and levels. Importantly, estradiol and the class of stress hormones known as glucocorticoids exert countervailing effects throughout the body, with estradiol exerting positive effects on the brain and cognition, glucocorticoids exerting negative effects on the brain and cognition, and estradiol able to mitigate negative effects of glucocorticoids. Although the effects of these hormones in isolation have been extensively studied, the effects of estradiol on the stress response and the neuroprotection offered against glucocorticoid exposure in humans are less well known. Here we review evidence suggesting that estradiol-related protection against glucocorticoids mitigates stress-induced interference with cognitive processes. Animal and human research indicates that estradiol-related mitigation of glucocorticoid damage and interference is one benefit of estradiol supplementation during peri-menopause or soon after menopause. The evidence for estradiol-related protection against glucocorticoids suggests that maintaining estradiol levels in post-menopausal women could protect them from stress-induced declines in neural and cognitive integrity. |
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Keywords: | Menopause Glucocorticoids Estradiol Stress Working memory Neurodegeneration Neuroprotection Hippocampus Executive function |
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