Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China;2. Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China;3. Department of Clinical Laboratory, People''s Hospital of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, Beichuan 622750, Sichuan, China;4. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Santai People''s Hospital, Santai 621100, Sichuan, China;5. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China;1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China;2. Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China;3. Department of Clinical Laboratory, People''s Hospital of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, Beichuan 622750, Sichuan, China;4. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Santai People''s Hospital, Santai 621100, Sichuan, China;5. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China;1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, PR China, Shanghai 200063, China;2. Department of Forensic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China;1. University Ulm, Institute of Legal Medicine, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany;2. Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, München 80539, Germany;1. Forensic Genetics Unit, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain;2. Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland;1. Department of Forensic Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;2. Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;3. Forensic DNA division, National Forensic Service, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26460, Republic of Korea;4. DNA analysis Division, National Forensic Service Daejeon Institute, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea;1. Beijing institute of radiation medicine, 27 Taiping road, Beijing 100850, PR China;2. College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No 46, East Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China |
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| Abstract: | The Qiang population mainly lived in Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County of Sichuan Province. It is one of the nomads in China, distributed along the Minjiang River. The Qiang population was assumed to have great affinity with the Han, the largest ethnic group in China, when it refers to the genetic origin. Whereas, it is deeply understudied, especially from the Y chromosome. Here in this study, we used validated high-resolution Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) panels to study the Qiang ethnic group to unravel their paternal genetic, forensic and phylogenetic characteristics. A total of 422 male samples of the Qiang ethnic group were genotyped by 233 Y-SNPs and 29 Y-STRs. Haplogroup O-M175 (N = 312) was the most predominant haplogroup in the Qiang ethnic group, followed by D-M174 (N = 32) and C-M130 (N = 32), N-M231 (N = 27), and Q-M242 (N = 15). After further subdivision, O2a-M324 (N = 213) accounted for the majority of haplogroup O. Haplogroup C2b-Z1338 (N = 29), D1a-CTS11577 (N = 30). O2a2b1a1a1-F42 (N = 48), O2a1b1a1a1a-F11 (N = 35), and O2a2b1a1-M117 (N = 21) represented other large terminal haplogroups. The results unveiled that Qiang ethnic group was a population with a high percentage of haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1-F42 (48/422) and O2a1b1a1a1a-F11 (35/422), and O2a2b1a1-M117 (21/422), which has never been reported. Its haplogroup distribution pattern was different from any of the Han populations, implying that the Qiang ethnic group had its unique genetic pattern. Mismatch analysis indicated that the biggest mismatch number in haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1-F42 was 21, while that of haplogroup O2a1b1a1a1a-F11 was 20. The haplotype diversity of the Qiang ethnic group equaled 0.999788, with 392 haplotypes observed, of which 367 haplotypes were unique. The haplogroup diversity of the Qiang ethnic group reached 0.9767, and 53 terminal haplogroups were observed (The haplogroup diversity of the Qiang ethnic group was the highest among Qiang and all Han subgroups, indicating the larger genetic diversity of the Qiang ethnic group.). Haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1-F42 was the most predominant haplogroup, including 11.37 % of the Qiang individuals. Median-joining trees showed gene flow between the Qiang and Han individuals. Our results indicated that 1) the highest genetic diversity was observed in the Qiang ethnic group compared to any of the former studied Chinese population, suggesting that the Qiang might be an older paternal branch; 2) the haplogroup D-M174 individuals of Qiang, Tibetans and Japanese distributed in three different subclades, which was unable to identify through low-resolution Y-SNP panel; and 3) the Qiang had lower proportion of haplogroup D compared to Yi and Tibetan ethnic groups, showing that the Qiang had less genetic communication with them than with Han Chinese. |
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| Keywords: | Qiang ethnic group Y-STR Y-SNP Population structure Male lineage |
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