微创全髋关节置换术前外侧肌间隙入路的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的 为在国内更好地开展前外侧肌间隙入路髋关节微创置换术,研究国人相关解剖结构,探讨手术技术并观察临床效果. 方法 解剖3具(6髋)新鲜成年尸体标本,观察国人前外侧肌间隙入路周围解剖结构.对16例患者实施前外侧肌间隙入路微创全髋关节置换术,总结临床结果 和手术操作技术. 结果 尸体解剖见手术入路为长三角形间隙,其上内角处臀中肌前缘与阔筋膜张肌后缘有部分肌纤维连接,是臀上神经下支经臀中肌进入阔筋膜张肌的关键部位,手术切口上缘不应超出此范围.临床手术切口长7～10 cm(平均8.8 cm),术中出血250～550 ml(平均350 ml).术后3～5 d下床活动.7例术中发现臀中肌前缘肌纤维部分挫裂伤,予以修剪.随访18～39个月(平均27.7个月).术后X线片显示多数假体位置良好,1例髋臼前倾角偏大,2例髋臼外展角偏大,但均无并发症和明显功能障碍.髋关节Harris评分术前为(39.1±6.7)分,术后6个月为(80.6±11.3)分,术后12个月为(88.7±9.6)分,术后24个月(11例)为(91.4±13.5)分.所有患者未发现臀中肌无力现象. 结论 前外侧肌间隙入路髋关节微创置换术具有解剖层次简单、手术创伤小、不剥离或损伤肌肉、术后康复快等优点,有实用价值并适合在体形较小的国人中推广.但术中需避免因大转子撞击敏髋臼锉修的前倾角偏大及切口远端软组织限制致髋臼外展角增加.注意准确定位皮肤切口,并使用微创技术专用手术器械.

Anatomic and clinical study of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty through anterolateral intermuscular approach

Objective To investigate the anatomic structure of the Chinese people,develop the procedure of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty through the anterolateral intermuscular approach and investigate its clinical outcome.Methods Three fresh adult cadavers(6 hips)were used for study of the anatomic construction of the anterolateral intermuscular approach in Chinese people.Sixteen patients were treated with minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty through anterolateral intermuscular approach.The clinical results and operation technique were recorded.Results The anterolateral intermuscular approach was a triangle muscular interval slightly parallel to the femur.The medial-superior angle of the triangle muscular interval consists of the anterior border of gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata muscle with juncture of muscles,where the inferior branch of superior gluteal nerve entered into tensor fascia lata muscle.The average incision length was 8.8 cm(7-10 cm),with mean blood loss of 350 ml(250-550 ml).The patients took out-of-bed activity 3-5 days after operations.During operations,anterior border injury in deep portion of the gluteus medius muscle was observed in seven patients and the injured muscles were trimed or repaired.All patients were followed up for 18-39 months(averaged 27.7 months).Most of the patients had excellent location of the phantoms,except that one acetabulum had a little pitch angle and two acetabulums had a little abduction angle.No complication was observed.The mean Harris scores of hip for all patients was increased from preoperative(39.1±6.7)points to(80.6±11.3)points on six month,(88.7±9.6)points on 12 month and(91.4±13.5)points on 24 months(11 patients).No patient suffered from gluteus medius muscle weakness during the follow-up.ConclusionAnterolateral intermuscular approach has the advantages of simple anatomic construction,small incision,little operative injury,muscle sparing and fast recovery without separate muscle or tendon and is suitable for the Chinese patients.Exact incision and special operative instruments should be emphasized to avoid the increase of acetabular pitch angle and abduction angle.