Sparkling plastic: Effects of exposure to glitter on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis |
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| Institution: | 1. Bioscience Research Center, 58015 Orbetello, GR, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;3. National Research Council—Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), Lesina, Italy;4. Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003 Girona, Spain;5. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;6. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d′Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy;1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA;2. Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;3. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;4. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA;5. Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA;6. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;7. Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA;1. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Coronary Disease Department and Heart Failure, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland;2. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kraków, Poland;3. Jagiellonian University Medical College, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Kraków, Poland;4. Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland;5. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Kraków, Poland;6. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland;7. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Hans-Knöll Jena, Germany;8. Department of Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany;9. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Kraków, Poland;1. Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;2. Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;3. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, PR China;2. Preventive Medicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, 116044, PR China;3. Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, PR China;4. Global Health Research Center, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, PR China;5. Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China;1. Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India;2. Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), VishvigyanBhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India;3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India;4. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India |
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| Abstract: | Microbeads and fragments have been widely studied, while glitter remains neglected by the literature although found in a variety product (e.g., body paints, nail polish, cosmetics, craft products). The main aim of this study was to assess the effects of different types and concentrations of glitter particles on Mytilus galloprovincialis after 7 days of exposure. The experiment was divided into a preliminary test and a confirmatory test. Our findings support the hypothesis for a link between concentration and type of glitter particles, percentage of recovery and oxidative stress in M. galloprovincialis. There was a significant correlation between particle length and percentage of particles recovered in water, suggesting that the digestive tract of M. galloprovincialis retains smaller particles more. In addition, we noted an increase in antioxidant defense induced by smaller particles. Moreover, certain types of glitter crumbled and shortened in length, resulting in higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Finally, the star-shaped glitter particles had a different effect on oxidative stress biomarkers. Further studies are needed to clarify the toxic effects of glitter on aquatic organisms and to quantify its proportion to other microplastics in the environment. |
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| Keywords: | Biomarkers Marine litter Mussels Oxidative stress Superoxide dismutase |
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