肝移植术后呼吸系统并发症的原因及对策

目的:研究肝移植术后呼吸系统并发症的原因和治疗对策.方法:对1999年2月至2003年4月,术前无呼吸系统疾病行肝移植163例,监测术后2周的肺部并发症的发生,观察其治疗效应.结果:呼吸系统并发症发生率76%(124/163),治愈92%(114/124).各并发症的治愈率分别为:胸腔积液100%(113/113),肺部感染92%(76/83),急性呼吸衰竭91%(59/65),肺水肿98%(58/59),肺动脉高压98%(101/103),肺不张100%(4/4),气胸100%(2/2).结论:单腔静脉导管引流胸腔积液安全有效.肝移植术后重要脏器功能不全导致气管插管时间的过长是引起肺部感染的主要原因,使用有效的抗生素,吸痰时无菌操作和通畅呼吸道引流是防治肺部感染与肺不张的重要措施.限制性通气功能障碍与换气功能障碍是术后呼吸衰竭的主要类型.肺动脉高压与肺水肿主要与肺的血管张力及肺循环血量相关,处理以扩血管、利尿为主.

Causes and management of respiratory complication after liver transplantation

Objective: To identify the causes of respiratory complications following liver transplantation (LT) and to discuss the management of these complications. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four cases with pulmonary complications in the first two weeks after LT were identified among 163 patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University from February, 1999 to March, 2003. Results: The incidence rate of complications was 76%(124/163) with the total cure rate of 92%(114/124). The cure rates of the various complications were as follows: pleural effusion 100%(113/113), pneumonia 92%(76/83), respiratory insufficiency 91%(59/65), pulmonary hypertension 98%(101/103), pulmonary edema 98%(58/59), atelectasis 100%(4/4) and pneumothorax 100%(2/2). Conclusion: To drainage the pleural effusion with an unicameral venous catheter is safety and effective. To cure or prevent pneumonia and atelectasis, aseptic manipulating, aspiration of sputum and keeping respiratory channel open were the key measurements of treatment. Restrictive ventilatory functional disturbance (RVFD) and dysfunction of ventilation are two major types of respiratory insufficiency in early stage of post-transplantation. The causes of pulmonary hypertension and edema are associated with pulmonary angiotasis and blood flow volume, and the vasodilator and diuretic often introduced in the therapy.