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Biodegradable chitosan scaffolds containing microspheres as carriers for controlled transforming growth factor-β1 delivery for cartilage tissue engineering
作者姓名:Cai DZ  Zeng C  Quan DP  Bu LS  Wang K  Lu HD  Li XF
作者单位:CAI Dao-zhang,ZENG Chun,WANG Kun,LU Hua-ding,LI Xiao-feng(Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China);QUAN Da-ping,BU Li-si(Institute of Polymer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China) 
基金项目:This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30000056) and the Science and Technology Project Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2003A302 102).
摘    要:Background Natural articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. Controlled release of transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) to cartilage defects can enhance chondrogenesis. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using biodegradable chitosan microspheres as carriers for controlled TGF-β(1) delivery and the effect of released TGF-β(1) on the chondrogenic potential of chondrocytes.Methods Chitosan scaffolds and chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-β(1) were prepared by the freeze-drying and the emulsion-crosslinking method respectively. In vitro drug release kinetics, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was monitored for 7 days. Lysozyme degradation was performed for 4 weeks to detect in vitro degradability of the scaffolds and the microspheres. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded on the scaffolds containing TGF-β(1) microspheres and incubated in vitro for 3 weeks. Histological examination and type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the effects of released TGF-β(1) on cell adhesivity, proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix.Results TGF-β(1) was encapsulated into chitosan microspheres and the encapsulation efficiency of TGF-β(1) was high (90.1%). During 4 weeks of incubation in lysozyme solution for in vitro degradation, the mass of both the scaffolds and the microspheres decreased continuously and significant morphological changes was noticed. From the release experiments, it was found that TGF-β(1) could be released from the microspheres in a multiphasic fashion including an initial burst phase, a slow linear release phase and a plateau phase. The release amount of TGF-β(1) was 37.4%, 50.7%, 61.3%, and 63.5% for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. At 21 days after cultivation, type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed. The mean percentage of positive cells for collagen type II in control group (32.7%±10.4%) was significantly lower than that in the controlled TGF-β(1) release group (92.4%±4.8%, P<0.05). Both the proliferation rate and production of collagen type II in the transforming growth factor-β(1) microsphere incorporated scaffolds were significantly higher than those in the scaffolds without microspheres, indicating that the activity of TGF-β(1) was retained during microsphere fabrication and after growth factor release.Conclusion Chitosan microspheres can serve as delivery vehicles for controlled release of TGF-β(1), and the released growth factor can augment chondrocytes proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Chitosan scaffolds incorporated with chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-β(1) possess a promising potential to be applied for controlled cytokine delivery and cartilage tissue engineering.

关 键 词:软骨缺损  壳聚糖  可降解微球  转化生长因子  持续释放  软骨再生  组织工程
收稿时间:2006-05-08

Biodegradable chitosan scaffolds containing microspheres as carriers for controlled transforming growth factor-beta1 delivery for cartilage tissue engineering
Cai DZ,Zeng C,Quan DP,Bu LS,Wang K,Lu HD,Li XF.Biodegradable chitosan scaffolds containing microspheres as carriers for controlled transforming growth factor-beta1 delivery for cartilage tissue engineering[J].Chinese Medical Journal,2007,120(3):197-203.
Authors:Cai Dao-zhang  Zeng Chun  Quan Da-ping  Bu Li-si  Wang Kun  Lu Hua-ding  Li Xiao-feng
Institution:1. Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
2. Institute of Polymer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Abstract:BACKGROUND: Natural articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. Controlled release of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) to cartilage defects can enhance chondrogenesis. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using biodegradable chitosan microspheres as carriers for controlled TGF-beta1 delivery and the effect of released TGF-beta1 on the chondrogenic potential of chondrocytes. METHODS: Chitosan scaffolds and chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-beta1 were prepared by the freeze-drying and the emulsion-crosslinking method respectively. In vitro drug release kinetics, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was monitored for 7 days. Lysozyme degradation was performed for 4 weeks to detect in vitro degradability of the scaffolds and the microspheres. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded on the scaffolds containing TGF-beta1 microspheres and incubated in vitro for 3 weeks. Histological examination and type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the effects of released TGF-beta1 on cell adhesivity, proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix. RESULTS: TGF-beta1 was encapsulated into chitosan microspheres and the encapsulation efficiency of TGF-beta1 was high (90.1%). During 4 weeks of incubation in lysozyme solution for in vitro degradation, the mass of both the scaffolds and the microspheres decreased continuously and significant morphological changes was noticed. From the release experiments, it was found that TGF-beta1 could be released from the microspheres in a multiphasic fashion including an initial burst phase, a slow linear release phase and a plateau phase. The release amount of TGF-beta1 was 37.4%, 50.7%, 61.3%, and 63.5% for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. At 21 days after cultivation, type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed. The mean percentage of positive cells for collagen type II in control group (32.7% +/- 10.4%) was significantly lower than that in the controlled TGF-beta1 release group (92.4% +/- 4.8%, P < 0.05). Both the proliferation rate and production of collagen type II in the transforming growth factor-beta1 microsphere incorporated scaffolds were significantly higher than those in the scaffolds without microspheres, indicating that the activity of TGF-beta1 was retained during microsphere fabrication and after growth factor release. CONCLUSION: Chitosan microspheres can serve as delivery vehicles for controlled release of TGF-beta1, and the released growth factor can augment chondrocytes proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Chitosan scaffolds incorporated with chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-beta1 possess a promising potential to be applied for controlled cytokine delivery and cartilage tissue engineering.
Keywords:chitosan  microsphere  transforming growth factor  sustained release  chondrocyte
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