过敏性哮喘动物模型在致敏、哮喘发作和气道高反应性等方面的应用研究

过敏性哮喘的发病率呈上升趋势。使用了几十年的主要治疗药物肾上腺糖皮质激素副作用较大,因此发现好的预防和治疗方法成为迫切要解决的问题。动物模型是研究人类疾病的重要手段,但不少疑难病的发病机理不明确,因而制备的动物模型和人类疾病的相似度有差异。但Ⅰ型变态反应作为过敏性哮喘的发病机理是比较明确的,据此制备的动物模型和人类的哮喘就有很高的相近度,结果的可信度就较高。本文回顾了哮喘动物模型制备的基本方法和某些重要的细节。着重讨论了当今最常用的气道高反应性模型的优劣。如果综合运用不同特点的模型尤其是能观察记录哮喘发作全过程包括速发和迟发反应的模型,将可以更直接地探索哮喘发病过程和治疗药物。对气道重塑及基因敲除和转基因技术在动物模型中的研究和使用也做了一般性论述。动物模型将是一个有力的工具为最后有效地预防和治疗过敏性哮喘找到突破口。

Sensitization, Airway Challenge and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Animal Models of Allergic Asthma

Allergic asthma is an important disease.The interflow of asthma between animal models and human is that the former is also established on type I hypersensitivity.Sensitization is the first step for animal models of asthma.The characteristics and reactivity of complete allergens and haptens may lead to different outcomes.Airway challenge is a useful tool to study asthmatic responses.The new methods enabled successful observation of early-phase and late-phase asthmatic responses.Work on the pathogenesis and therapy of asthma should be conducted with different models besides the one of airway hyperresponsiveness used popularly nowadays.Other applications using animal models including airway remodeling,gene knock-out,transgenesis and therapeutic drugs were also reviewed briefly.