荷叶中黄酮和生物碱的研究进展

荷叶为睡莲科多年生水生植物莲Nelumbo nucifera的新鲜或干燥叶片,常在夏秋二季采收,是一种常见的药食两用药材。荷叶广泛分布于长江、黄河和珠江三大流域,在我国有着悠久的种植和应用历史。荷叶的主要活性成分为黄酮类和生物碱类物质,随着现代研究技术的发展,关于这两类成分的研究也在不断的深入,荷叶中黄酮类成分多为槲皮素、异槲皮素、山柰酚以及其他苷元的单糖或多糖苷类化合物,生物碱类成分多为异喹啉类生物碱、阿朴菲类生物碱及其衍生物。荷叶的药理作用广泛并且毒副作用小,具有较大的研究潜力。现代研究表明荷叶具有抗氧化、降脂减肥、抗人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、抗癌和治疗心血管疾病等多种生物活性,具有较好的药用价值。通过检索近10年来国内外关于荷叶黄酮和生物碱类物质的文献及硕博士论文,本文对荷叶中黄酮和生物碱类成分的相关研究进行了总结,从化学成分、提取分离、质量评价方法和药理活性等多个方面对荷叶的研究现状进行了综述,希望能为荷叶相关的研究和生产提供科学方面的参考。结合目前研究状况来看,荷叶中有效成分的提取纯化研究、质量控制方法的研究和基于主要药理活性的相关作用靶点确定等方面的研究都有待于加强,以期对荷叶植物资源进行深入研究和合理开发利用。

Flavonoids and Alkaloids in Lotus Leaves

Lotus leaves (Nelumbo nucifera) are fresh or dried leaves of perennial aquatic plant N. nucifera, which are commonly used as a traditional Chinese herb as well as food. The optimal harvest seasons of lotus leaves are summer and autumn. Lotus leaves are mostly distributed and cultivated in drainage basins of Yellow River, Changjiang River and Zhujiang River in China. Modern research has shown that flavonoids and alkaloids are the principal constituents in lotus leaves. Along with the development modern research technologies, in-depth studies have showed that quercetin, isoquercetin and kaempferol are the main flavonoid aglycines, and isoquinoline alkaloids, aporphine alkaloids and its derivatives are the principal alkaloids. Lotus leaves have extensive pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), anti-cancer and anti-cardiovascular disease activity, with a better medicinal value. Based on the domestic and foreign literatures, theses and dissertations in the past 10 years, relevant researches for flavonoid and alkaloid constituents of lotus leaves were summarized in order to provide references for further studies and production, which included the chemical composition, extraction and isolation progress, quality assessment methods and the pharmacological activity. Based on the current studies, for the purpose of rational development and utilization of its plant resources, further studies shall be made for the extraction and purification technology, the quality criteria technology and the target localization technology.