石斛的历代质量评价沿革与变迁

石斛为名贵中药之一,市场种质混杂,其质量评价主要依靠辨状论质。为了解历代医药学家对石斛的质量评价观,该文对历代本草书籍中石斛的质量评价方法进行系统梳理。历代本草认为石斛的质量与种质、产地、加工及性状密切相关。石斛的种质有广义与狭义之分;霍山石斛、铁皮石斛及金钗石斛的临床应用侧重不同。自清代以来就推崇霍山石斛为道地。石斛的加工主要以鲜石斛和干石斛为主,两者临床应用各有侧重;枫斗的商品规格可能始自清代,但目前已成为石斛的主流商品形态。历代本草认为,不同石斛,其性状有别,临床功效也不同;石斛类药材常以黏性强者品质为佳。因此,传统的石斛质量评价结合了"种质""道地药材""加工""性状"几个方面,并注意到石斛不同种质、不同加工方法对临床功效的影响。

Research on evolution and transition of quality evaluation of Shihu

Shihu is one of the most valuable Chinese medicines in China. The sources of Shihu are complex and the quality evaluation of it mainly depends on morphologic characteristics distinction. In order to understand the Shihu''s quality evaluation concept of Chinese herbalists in the past dynasties. This paper summarizes the methods of quality evaluation in ancient bencao systematically. The ancient bencao records that the quality of Shihu is closely related to its germplasm, habitat, processing and character. The concept of germplasm about shihu includes generalized and narrow sense, besides, the clinical applications of Dendrobium huoshanenese, D. officinale and D. nobile are focused on different diseases. D. huoshanenese has been regarded as Dao-di herbs since Qing Dynasty. The main products of Shihu contain fresh goods and dry goods, their clinical applications are also treated differently. Fengdou is one of the commodity specifications in Shihu. Its processing method probably dated from the Qing Dynasty, but now, it has become the mainstream commodityform. There was a common sense that different kinds of Shihu owed different characters and curative effects in ancient bencao, and the quality would enhance with the increasing viscidity. Therefore, the "Germplasm", "Geoherbs", "processing", "characters" were integrated into traditional quality evaluation methods of Shihu. Meanwhile, we should pay attention to the clinical efficacy of shihu with different species and processing methods.