茯苓主要使用国家和地区国际贸易与质量标准比较分析

茯苓是我国大宗药食同源药材之一，畅销国内外市场。2011—2020年，我国茯苓国际贸易以出口为主，伴有少量进口。在此期间，我国内地（大陆）茯苓年出口总量总体下降，2018—2020年出口量趋于平稳，基本维持在4×10⁶ kg/年左右。茯苓主要出口至日本、韩国、越南、马来西亚、中国香港、中国台湾，其出口量累计占出口总量的97.50%。出口茯苓来源于我国内地（大陆）29个省份，主要为广东、安徽、广西、湖北、四川和湖南，占出口总量的84.14%。茯苓进口来源于朝鲜、马达加斯加、韩国，主要进口省份是我国吉林、辽宁、安徽、江苏和河北，2020年茯苓进口处于停滞状态。通过对中国大陆、中国台湾、日本、韩国和欧洲质量标准中基原、性状、鉴别、浸出物和标志物含量测定、二氧化硫、重金属、农药残留限量比较发现，各国家和地区质量标准存在较大差异。建议加快制定统一的茯苓药材和饮片国际标准，保障其产品质量，促进国际贸易发展。

Insights into International Trade and Quality Standards of Poria cocos in Main Target Countries and Regions

Poria cocos is the main medicinal and edible Chinese medicinal material with great demands in China and overseas markets. From 2011 to 2020, the international trade of P. cocos in China was mainly export-oriented, accompanied by a small amount of imports. During this period, the total annual export volume of P. cocos in China has generally declined, and the export volume has stabilized from 2018 to 2020, which maintained at about 4×10⁶ kg/year. P. cocos is mainly exported to Japan, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, Hong Kong of China and Taiwan of China, with the cumulative export volume accounting for 97.50% of the total volume. Exported P. cocos is produced from 29 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities represented by Guangdong, Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, and Hunan, accounting for 84.14% of total export volume. P. cocos is imported from Democratic People''s Republic of Korea, Madagascar, and Republic of Korea. The main import provinces are Jilin, Liaoning, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Hebei. The import of P. cocos was at a standstill in 2020. As revealed by the comparison of the origin, properties, identification, determination of the content of extracts and compounds, sulfur dioxide, heavy metals, and pesticide residue limits of P. cocos in national and regional quality standards in the mainland of China, Japan, Taiwan of China, Republic of Korea, and Europe, there are many differences in these quality standards. It is recommended to speed up the formulation of uniform international standards of P. cocos to ensure the quality and safety of P. cocos products and promote the development of international trade of P. cocos.