青藏铁路沿线鼠疫生态与控制研究

目的通过研究和整理青藏铁路沿线人间鼠疫流行病学资料、喜马拉雅旱獭生态学和鼠疫流行病学资料、鼠疫细菌学特征以及2001~2006年鼠疫监测资料,总结出青藏铁路沿线鼠疫生态学基本内容,确定青藏铁路鼠疫综合防控策略。方法人间鼠疫资料通过查阅历史资料;利用微卫星技术研究旱獭生态学;现场调查方法研究疫源地结构、动物和昆虫种群结构;实验室常规检测鼠疫菌的生化、营养、毒力、药敏和遗传物质;藏系绵羊鼠疫和青海田鼠鼠疫调查按照《国家鼠疫监测方案》中的方法进行。结果自1966年以来青藏铁路沿线已累计发生人间鼠疫疫情11起,发病43人,死亡23人,病死率53.48%;喜马拉雅旱獭的繁殖与种群密度有关联性,旱獭对栖息地的选择与地形地貌和植被有关,所研究的各旱獭种群之间亲缘性较近;青藏铁路沿线的鼠疫菌属于青藏高原型,对Trp、Thr、Leu、Arg不依赖,而对Phe、M et、Cys依赖,对Ile和G lu表现出低营养。属于强毒力菌株,对广谱抗生素敏感,尤其对头孢类、喹诺酮类药物敏感。青藏铁路沿线的鼠疫菌都具有6、45 Mdal,大质粒分别为52 Mdal或65 Mdal或92 Mdal。结论本研究揭示了青藏铁路沿线宿主、媒介、病原体的生态学特点,掌握了人间和动物间鼠疫流行规律,为青藏铁路鼠疫防治提供了科学依据,并且可以改变目前鼠疫监测技术和方法的落后局面,对全国鼠疫监测工作具有重要的指导意义。

A study on plague egology and control on both sides of Qinghai-Tibet railway

Objective To sum up basic contents of plague ecology on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway and to determine general control tactics of plague on Qinghai and Tibet railway by studying and sorting out epidemiology data on man plague on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway,ecology of Himalaya marmot,plague epidemiology data,characters of plague bacteriology and information of plague surveillance during 2001 to 2006.Methods Consulting historic information on man plague;studying marmot ecology by microsatellite technical;studying structures of focus,animal and structure of insects by ground investigation;checking biochemistry of plague bacteria,nutrition,sensitive of drug,toxicity and genetic material in lab by the old methods;following china plague surveillance methods on Tibet sheep plague and Qinghai voles.Results Man plague has taken place eleven epidemic diseases,illness forty-three,death twenty-three and rate of death 53.48% on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway since 1966.Thereproduction of himalaya marmots were related with density of variety and the choice which marmots selected habitats have something with topographies,landforms and vegetations and relatives studied various variety of marmots were lose;The plague bacteria on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway belongs to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau type which are independent on Trp,Thr,Leu,Arg and dependent on Phe,Met,Cys and manifest out deeper nutrition.The plague bacteria which belongs to stronger toxicity bacteria are sensitive to antibiotic and particularly sensitive to cephalosporins and quinolones.The plague bacteria on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway have plasmids 6 Mdal and 45 Mdal and bigger plasmids are 52 Mdal or 65 Mdal or 92 Mdal.Conclusions To master ecology characters of hosts,media and pathogen on both sides of Qinghai and Tibet railway,popular laws of man and animal plague to provide scientific basis for plague control of Qinghai and Tibet railway,but also may change today' plague surveillance technical and old methods and it has important guiding meaning for Chinese plague surveillance by this study.