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Heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to cancer progression
Institution:1. Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;2. Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;3. Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;4. Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;5. Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;6. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
Abstract:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease displaying differences in angiogenesis, extracellular matrix proteins, the immune microenvironment and tumor cell populations. Additionally, genetic variations and epigenetic changes of HCC cells could lead to aberrant signaling pathways, induce cancer stem cells and enhance tumor progression. Thus, the heterogeneity in HCC contributes to disease progression and a better understanding of its heterogeneity will greatly aid in the development of strategies for the HCC treatment.
Keywords:Hepatocellular carcinoma  Heterogeneity  Angiogenesis  Invasion  Tumor microenvironment  Genetic variation  Signaling pathway  Cancer stem cells  HCC"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0050"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"hepatocellular carcinoma  VEGF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0060"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"vascular endothelial growth factor  FGF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0070"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"fibroblast growth factor  PDGF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0080"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"platelet-derived growth factor  TSP1"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0090"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"thrombospondin-1  HIF-1α"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0100"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"hypoxia-induced factor-1a  bFGF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0110"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"basic fibroblast growth factor  TNF-α"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0120"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"tumor necrosis factor alpha  IL-8"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0130"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"interleukin-8  PEDF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0140"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Pigment epithelial derived factor  PDGFR"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0150"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"platelet-derived growth factor receptor  ECM"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0160"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"extracellular matrix  LOX"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0170"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"lysyl oxidase  MCPs"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0180"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"matricellular proteins  MMPs"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0190"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"matrix metalloproteinases  MMP1"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0200"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"metalloproteinase 1  CTGF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0210"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"connective tissue growth factor  EMT"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0220"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"epithelial mesenchymal transition  TGFβ1"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0230"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"transforming growth factor-β1  NK"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0240"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"natural killer  NKT"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0250"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"natural killer T cells  Treg"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0260"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"regulatory T cells  MDSC"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0270"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"myloid-dervied suppressor cells  Tlr3"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0280"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"toll-like receptor 3  iNKT"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0290"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"invariant natural killer T cells  IFNγ"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0300"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"interferon-gamma  CTL"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0310"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"cytotoxic T cells  GITR"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0320"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor  Hsp70"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0330"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"heat shock protein 70  KCNN2"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0340"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2  AFP"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0350"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"alpha fetoprotein  OPN"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0360"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"osteopontin  PSG9"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0370"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9  PLK1"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0380"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"polo like kinase 1  SNVs"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0390"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"single nucleotide variants  CNAs"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0400"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"copy number aberration  SVs"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0410"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"structural variations  OSGIN1"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0420"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"oxidative stress-induced growth inhibitor  MDM2"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0430"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"mouse double minute protein 2  PTPRF"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0440"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F  AT2R"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0450"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"angiotensin II type 2 receptor  CSCs"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0460"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"cancer stem cells  SP"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0470"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"side population  EpCAM"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0480"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"epithelial cell adhesion molecule  PROM1"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kw0490"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"prominin 1
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