Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections |
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Authors: | Kelsea M Drall Catherine J Field Andrea M Haqq Russell J de Souza Hein M Tun Nadia P Morales-Lizcano |
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Institution: | 1. Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics &2. Gynecology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada;3. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada;4. Gynecology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada;5. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-4982;6. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada;7. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-513X;8. HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Hong Kong University , Hong Kong SAR, China;9. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada |
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Abstract: | ABSTRACT In Canada and the US, the infant diet is supplemented with vitamin D via supplement drops or formula. Pregnant and nursing mothers often take vitamin D supplements. Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. Logistic and MaAsLin regression were employed to assess associations between vitamin D supplementation, and C. difficile colonization, or other gut microbiota, respectively. Sixty-five percent of infants received a vitamin D supplement. Among all infants, infant vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower abundance of genus Megamonas (q = 0.01) in gut microbiota. Among those exclusively breastfed, maternal prenatal supplementation was associated with lower abundance of Bilophila (q = 0.01) and of Lachnospiraceae (q = 0.02) but higher abundance of Haemophilus (q = 0.02). There were no differences in microbiota composition with vitamin D supplementation among partially and not breastfed infants. Neither infant nor maternal vitamin D supplementation were associated with C. difficile colonization, after adjusting for breastfeeding status and other factors. However, maternal consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk reduced the likelihood of C. difficile colonization in infants (adjustedOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82). The impact of this compositional difference on later childhood health, especially defense against viral respiratory infection, may go beyond the expected effects of vitamin D supplements and remains to be ascertained. |
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Keywords: | Vitamin D supplements milk infant gut microbiota C difficile Megamonas Bilophila |
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