Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in Androphilic Males and Gynephilic Females Diagnosed With Gender Dysphoria From Iran |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain;3. Deparment of Psychobiology, National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain;4. Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain;5. Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona;6. Gender Identity Unit, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain;7. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;8. Keck School of Medicine, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA;9. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Clinic RWTH, Aachen, Germany;10. Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-10), Jülich, Germany;11. Deptarment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Germany;12. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;13. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong;14. Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;15. Psychology, Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands;16. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;17. Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;18. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;19. College of Education, University of Missouri, MO, USA;20. Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children''s National Hospital, Washington DC, USA;21. Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA;22. Andrology, Women''s Endocrinology, Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy;23. Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;24. Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;25. Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy;26. Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany;27. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum, Rotenburg, Germany;28. McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada;29. Department of Endocrinology & Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium;30. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;31. Department of Women''s and Children''s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThis study investigated the effect of older brothers on sexual orientation in male adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria and the effect of older sisters on sexual orientation in female adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria from Iran.AimTo assess for the presence of a fraternal birth order effect in transgender androphilic males and a sororal birth order effect in transgender gynephilic females.MethodsThe subjects were 92 transgender males and 107 transgender females (all of whom met the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria), together with 72 male and 78 female clinical controls. All the transgender males were androphilic, all the transgender females were gynephilic (preferentially attracted to members of their own biological sex), and all of the clinical controls were heterosexual (none were transgender or had a diagnosis of gender dysphoria).OutcomesIn relation to the probands, we analyzed the sibship composition of our groups with regard to birth order and sibling sex ratio (brothers to sisters).ResultsThe results for the transgender males confirmed the findings of 2 recent meta-analyses that older brothers increase the odds of androphilia in later-born males. The results for the transgender females did not clearly confirm one previous finding that older sisters increase the odds of gynephilia in later-born females—a finding obtained in a relatively large study that included gynephilic cisgender girls as well as girls diagnosed with gender dysphoria who will probably be predominantly gynephilic.Clinical ImplicationsThe fraternal (later-born) birth order effect that we found for the transgender androphilic males, similar to that found in gay men, suggests a common underlying causal mechanism.Strengths and LimitationsOur study on Iranian patients diagnosed with gender dysphoria provides further generalizability for the study of birth order and sibling sex ratio that has, more often than not, been restricted to Western samples of adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria. It would be important to study these variables in Iranian gay men and lesbian women (without gender dysphoria) to further examine evidence for cross-cultural similarities when compared to Western samples.ConclusionsIn contrast to the well-established fraternal birth order effect for males, the possible sororal birth order effect for females needs to be examined with additional samples.Khorashad BS, Zucker KJ, Talaei A. Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in Androphilic Males and Gynephilic Females Diagnosed With Gender Dysphoria from Iran. J Sex Med 2020;17:1195–1202. |
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| Keywords: | Male Androphilia Homosexuality Transgender Birth Order Sexual Orientation Gender Dysphoria Female Gynephilia |
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