我国车祸的流行病学特征及影响因素分析

本研究的目的在于分析1951～1994年我国车祸的流行病学特征及其影响因素，为车祸的预防和控制提供依据。43年中我国车祸发生数增加了42倍，死亡人数增加了77倍。1984～1994年车祸年死亡率由2．43／10万人上升到5．56／10万人，平均年增长率为12．9％。广东、浙江、辽宁、四川和江苏是车祸最多的省份，5省的车祸发生数占全国总发生数45％，死亡人数占38％。1994年30个省市区的车祸死亡率以北京市为最低（3．41／10万人），浙江省最高（12．09／10万人），广东省的升幅最大。致死性车祸多发生于天气晴朗时的平直路段，以20～50岁的农民和职工居多，死者2／3为行人、骑自行车者和乘车者。各类事故的原因中驾驶员责任、无证开车、骑自行车人责任和行人过失等人的因素占90％。驾驶员肇事原因主要是违章行车、判断错误或疏忽大意。车辆增加、运输繁忙和道路不足、交通条件欠完善是导致车祸的主要因素。预防和控制车祸的根本措施在于改善交通环境和加强交通安全教育。

Epidemiological Features and Determinants of Road Injury in China, 1951-1994

Information on road injury with analyses on the epidemiological features and determinants of fatality rate with prevention and control of road injury was presented in this paper.From 1951 to 1994, road injury and motor vehicle deaths had a continuous increase by 43 and 78times respectively. Since 1987 about 250000 cases, 5000 deaths and 15000 trauma cases caused by road crashes year after year. The fatality rate increased by an average of 12. 9% increase per year from 1984 to 1994 (from 2. 43 to 5. 56 per 100000 pop). Zhejiang,Guangdong, Liaoning, Sichuan and Jiangsu occupied the first five places in 30 provinces,accounted for over 45% of total road injuries and one thirds of road fatalities, Both incidence and death rate were lowest in Beijing City and highest in Zhejiang Province. Three-quarters of the fatality on road injury were occurred on smooth and straight pavement in sunny days. Over 60% of the motor vehicle deaths were young males(age 20-50 yrs). Classified by occupation, majority of the victims were peasants (55%) and workers (19% ). Two thirds of the road fatalities were pedestrians, bicytle riders and passengers. Human factors including driver's irresponsibility,non-licensing, bicycle rider and pedestrian carelessness,etc. were notified that accounted for over 90% of the causes for road injury. Primary causes from the drivers were rules and regulations violation,absent-mindedness,driving after drinking alcohol.The risk factors of road injuries were the increase of motor vehicles and traffic congestion. It is also necessary to improve the traffic safety knowledge among residents.