上海市家用水质处理器出水水质卫生状况调查

目的]了解上海市家用水质处理器出水水质的卫生状况和污染特征。方法]选取320户住户,调查其家用水质处理器的类型,分别于2011年7月份（夏季）、10月份（秋季）和12月份（冬季）上门采样,检测经其处理的水中铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、砷、耗氧量、pH、色度、浑浊度、菌落总数和总大肠菌群等指标。采用Fisher精确概率法对超标率进行分析。结果]各季节不同类型水质处理器的出水中重金属、pH、浑浊度的超标率较低,均小于4%;菌落总数的超标率相对较高,最大值达到71.0%;近40%的含活性炭一般水质处理器的出水耗氧量不符合要求。同一季节、不同类型水质处理器之间的出水菌落总数和耗氧量之超标率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;夏季不同类型水质处理器之间出水色度超标率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;含活性炭一般水质处理器的出水浑浊度和细菌总数超标率在不同季节之间的差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论]家用水质处理器使用中存在一定卫生问题,主要以微生物和有机物污染为重。居民在使用中应加强水质处理器的维护与管理,尤其要重视夏季高温时的饮用水卫生。

Survey on Hygienic Situation of Outlet Water from Household Water Filters in Shanghai

Objective] To survey the hygienic situation and feature of pollution in outlet water from household water filters in Shanghai.Methods]A total of 320 households were recruited for this study in Jul（summer）,Oct（autumn）,and Dec（winter）.Types of filters and outlet water samples were collected.The monitoring items consisted of iron,manganese,copper,zinc,lead,arsenic,chemical oxygen demand（COD）,pH,color,turbidity,total bacterial count,and coliform.Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the rate exceeding national limit.Results]The exceeding rates of heavy metals,turbidity,and pH in the outlet water were lower than 4%.A comparatively higher rate of exceeding in total bacterial count was noticed and the maximum reached 71.0%.Meanwhile,the COD in nearly 40% general water filters with activated carbon did not reach corresponding requirements.For the same season,the exceeding rates of total bacterial count and COD in outlet water from various types of filters were found different significantly in statistics（P 0.05）.In summer,significant differences also existed in the exceeding rates of outlet water color among various types of filters（P0.05）.In addition,there were significant differences in the exceeding rates of turbidity and total bacterial count in outlet water from general water filters with activated carbon among different seasons（P0.05）.Conclusion]Hygienic issues are found in the household water filters,and among them microbes and content of organic compounds are the major concerns.The users should strengthen regular maintenance and sanitory management of the filters in using.Additionally special attention to the drinking water sanitation in summer time should be stressed.