某铅酸蓄电池厂作业工人血铅异常情况及危险因素研究

目的了解河南省某铅酸蓄电池厂作业工人血铅异常情况及主要危险因素,为企业进一步加强职业性慢性铅中毒的防控提供科学依据。方法以2020年12月在该厂进行职业健康体检的2550名工人作为研究对象,测定其血铅浓度,通过统一调查表收集工人一般人口学特征资料以及职业史等相关信息,同时对接铅工人经常接触铅尘或铅烟的代表性岗位进行空气中铅浓度检测,运用SPSS 21.0建立数据库并进行统计学分析。结果5个常年接铅岗位空气中铅浓度都存在超标现象,合格率为12.5%~62.5%。共246人发生血铅异常,血铅异常率为9.64%。非条件logistic回归分析显示:与其他不接触铅的岗位相比,铸板、涂板、分刷片、包片、装配等岗位发生职业性慢性铅中毒的风险分别提高到7.800倍、23.996倍、30.893倍、16.380倍以及18.003倍(P<0.01);与接铅工龄<1年的作业工人相比,接铅工龄为1~年、2~年、3~年、4~年、5~7年的作业工人发生职业性慢性铅中毒的风险分别提高到12.960倍、17.557倍、19.127倍、25.037倍以及29.096倍(P<0.01);吸烟者发生职业性慢性铅中毒的风险是不吸烟者的1.501倍(P<0.05)。结论铅作业工人血铅浓度受多种内外复杂因素影响,企业应全面落实有效的职业病防护措施。铸板、涂板、分刷片、包片以及装配等岗位应成为铅作业工人职业健康监护的重点。

Study on blood lead abnormality and risk factors of workers in a lead-acid battery factory

  Objective  To understand workers' blood lead levels in a lead-acid battery factory in Henan Province, analyze the main risk factors for blood lead abnormality, and provide a scientific basis for enterprises to formulate efficient measures against chronic lead poisoning.  Methods  Totally 2 550 workers in a lead-acid battery factory were studied, their general demographic characteristics and occupational history were collected with a unified questionnaire while they underwent occupational health examinations in December 2020 and their blood lead levels were measured. The airborne lead concentrations in the air were tested at representative worksites where workers worked with exposure to lead dust or lead smoke. SPSS 21.0 was used to establish a database and conduct statistical analysis.  Results  The airborne lead concentrations were higher than exposure limit with compliance of 12.5% to 62.5% in 5 worksites, and 246 workers had abnormal blood lead level with the abnormality of 9.64%. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of occupational chronic lead poisoning of workers working in posts such as casting, coating, brushing, wrapping and assembling was increased to 7.800, 23.996, 30.893, 16.380 and 18.003 times, respectively (P < 0.01), compared with the workers working in the other posts where there was not occupational exposure to lead existed. Compared with the workers who have been exposed to lead for less than 1 year, the risk of occupational chronic lead poisoning of the workers who have been exposed to lead for more than 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5-7 years was increased to 12.960, 17.557, 19.127, 25.037 and 29.096 times, respectively (P < 0.01). The risk of smokers' occupational chronic lead poisoning was 1.501 times higher than that of non-smokers(P < 0.05).  Conclusions  The blood lead levels of lead exposed workers were affected by many internal and external complex factors. Enterprises should comprehensively implement effective measures and the worksites such as casting, coating board, brushing, wrapping and assembling should be priority.