广州市3~17岁儿童青少年主要膳食镉暴露风险评估

目的 了解广州市市售主要食品中镉含量,对广州市3~17岁儿童青少年膳食镉暴露风险进行初步评估。方法 2016—2018年监测广州市共16类2 882份食品镉含量,结合2011年广州市食物消费量调查数据,应用点评估方法,初步评估广州市3~17岁儿童青少年主要膳食的镉暴露风险。结果 广州市市售主要食品中镉平均含量为0.000 4~1.397 5 mg/kg,总检出率为81.37%,其中双壳贝类的镉含量平均值最高,为1.397 5 mg/kg。3~6岁学龄前儿童、7~17岁学龄期儿童青少年主要膳食镉的月平均暴露量分别为17.129 5、13.970 9 µg/kg·BW,安全限值（MOS）均>1;根据食品化学物高端暴露模型计算,高端暴露量（P₉₅消费量）分别为43.018 2、39.812 7 µg/kg·BW,MOS均<1。3~6岁、7~17岁儿童青少年膳食平均消费水平下镉暴露的主要来源依次为米及米制品、叶菜类和双壳贝类,3类食品累加贡献率分别为72.39%、75.09%;高消费水平下镉暴露的主要来源依次为双壳贝类、米及米制品和叶菜类,3类食品累加贡献率分别达89.01%、91.27%。结论 广州市3~17岁儿童青少年通过日常膳食摄入的镉对健康造成的风险较低,但食物高消费水平下尤其是双壳贝类高摄入人群存在一定的健康风险。应加强重点食品的镉含量监测,倡导平衡膳食和食物摄入的多样性。

Risk assessment of major dietary cadmium exposure for the children and adolescents aged 3-17 years in Guangzhou

Objective To investigate the cadmium content of main food sold in Guangzhou, and to preliminarily evaluate the health risk of the children and adolescents aged 3-17 years exposed to cadmium via the diet. Methods The cadmium content of 2 882 foods of 16 categories in Guangzhou was determined from 2016 to 2018. Combined with the data of food consumption survey of Guangzhou in 2011, the cadmium exposure risk of children and adolescents aged 3-17 years was preliminarily evaluated by the point estimate method. Results The average content of cadmium in major foods sold in Guangzhou was 0.000 4 -1.397 5 mg/kg. The total detection rate was 81.37%. The average cadmium content of bivalves was the highest （ with the average of 1.397 5 mg/kg）. The average monthly cadmium dietary exposure was 17.129 5 µg/kg·BW for preschool children aged 3-6 years, and 13.970 9 µg/kg·BW for school-age children and adolescents aged 7-17 years, both of the margin of safety （MOS） were greater than 1. According to high exposure model of food chemicals, the high-end exposure （95th percentile） of each group was 43.018 2 and 39.812 7 µg/kg·BW respectively, with the MOS less than 1. With the average dietary consumption of children and adolescents aged 3-6 years and 7-17 years, the main sources of cadmium exposure were rice and its products, leaf vegetables and bivalves, and the cumulative contribution rates of three kinds of food were 72.39% and 75.09%, respectively. With the high dietary consumption, the major sources of cadmium were bivalves, rice and its products and leaf vegetables, and the cumulative contribution rates of three kinds of food were 89.01% and 91.27%. Conclusion The cadmium intake of children and adolescents aged 3-17 years in Guangzhou through the daily diet is of low risk to health. However, children with high dietary consumption, especially those with high intake of bivalves have certain health risks. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of cadmium content in key food and advocate a balanced diet and diversity of food intake.