北京市郊区某中学初中生膳食矿物质和维生素摄入与近视发生的调查研究

目的 了解初中生膳食矿物质和维生素摄入状况,分析饮食行为与近视之间的关系。方法 采用整群抽样法,选取2018年7月至2019年3月北京市郊区某中学的所有初中生,应用24 h膳食回顾调查表及自编“1周内饮食行为问卷”进行膳食调查,采用NCCW营养软件分析矿物质和维生素摄入情况,采用全国通用的E字标准视力表对初中生进行视力检查。结果 本次共调查181名初中生,其中女生92人（50.8%）,男生89人（49.2%）。年龄10~16岁,平均（13.06±0.96）岁。蛋类、粗粮及大豆制品的食用情况不佳,能坚持一周内食用5~6次粗粮的初中生只有20人（11.0%）。24 h膳食回顾调查NCCW软件分析结果发现,该校初中生膳食矿物质的摄入中仅磷的摄入量男、女生均达到推荐摄入量的90%以上,其余矿物质和维生素摄入整体不足,其中钙的摄入量处于严重不足情况,摄入量仅为推荐摄入量的23.50%、26.62%。近视筛查发现,该校56.7%的初中生处于重度近视范围,其中女生左眼近视程度高于男生（P<0.05）。不同程度近视随着矿物质和维生素摄入量不同出现差异,钙的摄入量在重度近视学生中要高于轻度及中度近视,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 该校初中生矿物质和维生素摄入量不足,其中矿物质钙与近视程度存在一定联系,建议家长及学校应在学生饮食上做到科学膳食均衡搭配,从饮食方面降低青少年近视发生风险。

Investigation on dietary mineral and vitamin intake and myopia among junior high school students in a middle school of Beijing suburb

Objective To investigate the dietary mineral and vitamin intake of junior high school students, and analyze the relationship between dietary behavior and myopia. Methods The cluster sampling method was adopted to select all junior high school students from a middle school in Beijing suburb from July 2018 to March 2019. The 24-hour dietary review questionnaire and the self-compiled “Dietary Behavior Questionnaire within a week” were used to conduct dietary surveys. The NCCW nutrition software was used to analyze the intake of minerals and vitamins. The nationally used E-standard eye chart was used to check the eyesight of junior high school students. Results A total of 181 junior high school students were investigated, including 92 girls （50.8%） and 89 boys （49.2%）, aged 10-16 years old, with an average of （13.06± 0.96） years old. The consumption of eggs, coarse food grains and soybean products was not good, and only 20 junior high school students （11.0%） could persist in eating coarse food grains 5-6 times in a week. The NCCW software analysis result of the 24-hour dietary review survey found that in the dietary mineral intake of junior high school students, only the intake of phosphorus was more than 90% of the recommended intake in both boys and girls, and the intake of other minerals and vitamins was insufficient, in which the intake of calcium was seriously insufficient, accounting for 23.50% and 26.62% of the recommended intake. Myopia screening found that 56.7% of junior high school students in the school were in the range of severe myopia, and the degree of left eye myopia in girls was higher than that in boys （P <0.05）. Different degrees of myopia vary with the intake of minerals and vitamins. The intake of calcium among students with severe myopia was higher than that of mild and moderate myopia, and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. Conclusion The intake of minerals and vitamins of junior high school students in the school is insufficient, and calcium is related to the degree of myopia. It is suggested that parents and schools should make a scientific and balanced diet to reduce the risk of myopia in adolescents.