经皮椎体后凸成形术骨水泥渗漏的中期随访及应对策略

目的:回顾性分析经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折发生骨水泥渗漏的临床资料,探讨骨水泥渗漏的类型及中期临床疗效的影响。方法:收集自2011年10月至2016年10月收治的17例经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折术中骨水泥渗漏的病例,其中男7例,女10例;年龄68~87岁,平均78岁。均有轻微外伤史,伤前均正常活动,生活完全自理,伤后均表现为腰背部疼痛,无神经根受损的症状和体征。通过影像学资料确定骨水泥向椎管内、椎间隙渗漏的途径,测量手术前后的椎体高度、Cobb角,观察椎管狭窄改善情况。术前和末次随访采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)分别对患者进行疼痛和日常活动功能改善情况的评估。结果:17例患者均获得随访,时间4~7年,平均5.1年。通过影像学资料根据解剖位置确定渗漏途径为椎旁型6例,椎间盘型3例,椎管型2例,椎弓根型5例,混合型1例。术前病椎前缘椎体高度为(27.7±3.5)%,末次随访时前缘椎体高度明显恢复至(56.4±2.5)%,且后凸畸形得到矫正。Cobb角由术前的(45.3±4.2)°矫正至末次随访时的(18.3±3.1)°。VAS评分从术前的7.9±1.5降至末次随访时的2.1±0.5。ODI从术前的(49.1±7.5)%恢复至末次随访时的(23.5±3.7)%。其中2例患者术中出现下肢神经症状,紧急予神经根消肿药物对症治疗,且后期经过营养神经治疗,神经症状消失。3例出现腰背部疼痛,其中1例出现腰背痛难忍,予止痛等对症治疗后疼痛消失。结论:即使在经皮椎体后凸成形术术中出现一定程度的骨水泥向椎旁和椎管内渗漏,也可暂不与紧急行开窗椎管减压,中期随访结果显示经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折发生骨水泥渗漏的临床效果满意,手术渗漏产生明显临床症状者经过治疗后临床症状基本消失。

Mid-term follow-up and coping strategies of bone cement leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 17 patients with bone cement leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty and explore the leakage type and mid-term clinical effects. Methods: The clinical data of 17 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures occurred bone cement leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty from October 2011 to October 2016 were collected. There were 7 males and 10 females,aged from 68 to 87 years old with an average of 78 years. All the patients had the history of low emergy trauma who had normal activity and full self-care for living before trauma,and complained with the lower back pain without signs and symptoms of nerve root injury after trauma. According to the anatomical location by images,the bone cement leakage pathways was confirmed,the preoperative and postoperative vertebral body height and Cobb angle were measured,the improvement of spinal stenosis were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were used to evaluate pain and daily activities. Results: All the patients were followed up for 4 to 7 years with an average of 5.1 years. According to anatomical location by images,we found the bone cement leakage pathways of vertebral side type in 6 cases,intervertebral disc type in 3 cases,spinal canal type in 2 cases,vertebral pedicle type in 5 cases and mixed type in 1 case. Vertebral body height from preoperative(27.7±3.5)% restored to (56.4±2.5)% at final follow-up,and the kyphosis was corrected with Cobb angle from preoperative(45.3±4.2)° corrected to(18.3±3.1)° at final follow-up. VAS score decreased from preoperative 7.9±1.5 to 2.1±0.5 at final follow-up. ODI obviously restored from preoperative(49.1±7.5)% to (23.5±3.7)% at final follow-up. The nerve symptoms in lower limbs occurred in 2 cases,and the neurological symptom was disappeared after urgent symptomatic treatment and anaphase trophic nerve treating. Lower back pain occurred in 3 cases,including one case of unbearable pain,and the pain disappeared after symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: Although the rate of bone cement leakage during percutaneous vertebral kyphoplasty is not low,the bone cement leakage has little influence on PKP surgery. Even if a little leakage occurred within the spinal canal during the surgery,spinal canal decompression will not be needed urgently. The significant clinical symptoms caused by leakage can basically disappear after treatment in mid-term follow-up.