Volatile organic compounds produced by Aureobasidium pullulans induce electrolyte loss and oxidative stress in Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata |
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| Authors: | Sashika M Yalage Don Leigh M Schmidtke Joanna M Gambetta Christopher C Steel |
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| Institution: | 1. N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;2. M.M. Shemyakin & Y.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;3. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia;4. State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia;5. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamil Nadu, India;6. Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA;7. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;1. National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, A. Mami Pneumology Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia;2. University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia;3. Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy;4. Bacteriology Laboratory, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia;1. The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China;2. TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China;1. Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India;2. Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, SPPU, Pune 411007, India;3. Bioinformatics Centre, SPPU, Pune 411007, India;4. Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India |
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| Abstract: | Aureobasidium pullulans is a yeast-like fungus that produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal properties. VOCs have the potential to trigger the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and electrolyte loss in microorganisms. The relationship among A. pullulans VOCs, induced ROS accumulation and electrolyte leakage was investigated in Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in vitro. Exposure to a mixture of A. pullulans VOCs: ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol, resulted in electrolyte leakage in both B. cinerea and A. alternata. Fluorescence microscopy using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate indicated triggered ROS accumulation in exposed fungal mycelia and the presence of the superoxide radical was evident by intense red fluorescence with dihydroethidium. Partial inhibition of enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I of B. cinerea and A. alternata by pre-treatment with rotenone reduced ROS accumulation in hypha exposed to A. pullulans VOCs and reversed the VOCs inhibition of fungal growth. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that B. cinerea and A. alternata hypha exposed to A. pullulans VOCs had altered cell wall structures. Our findings give insights into the potential mechanisms involved in the antifungal properties of A. pullulans in the suppression of B. cinerea and A. alternata growth in vitro. |
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| Keywords: | Antifungal volatile organic compounds ROS Biological control Mode of action Mitochondrial respiratory chain Fungal phytopathogens |
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