Upper Neck Forces and Moments and Cranial Angular Accelerations in Lateral Impact |
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Authors: | Narayan Yoganandan Frank A Pintar Jiangyue Zhang Brian D Stemper Mat Philippens |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;(2) VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA;(3) TNO Defence, Security, and Safety, Rijswijk, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | Biomechanical studies using postmortem human subjects (PMHS) in lateral impact have focused primarily on chest and pelvis
injuries, mechanisms, tolerances, and comparison with side impact dummies. A paucity of data exists on the head–neck junction,
i.e., forces and moments, and cranial angular accelerations. The objective of this study was to determine lateral impact-induced
three-dimensional temporal forces and moments at the head–neck junction and cranial linear and angular accelerations from
sled tests using PMHS and compare with responses obtained from an anthropomorphic test device (dummy) designed for lateral
impact. Following initial evaluations, PMHS were seated on a sled, restrained using belts, and lateral acceleration was applied.
Specimens were instrumented with a pyramid-shaped nine-accelerometer package to record cranial accelerations. A sled accelerometer
was used to record the input acceleration. Radiographs and computed tomography scans were obtained to identify pathology.
A similar testing protocol was adopted for dummy tests. Results indicated that profiles of forces and moments at the head–neck
junction and cranial accelerations were similar between the two models. However, peak forces and moments at the head–neck
junction were lower in the dummy than PMHS. Peak cranial linear and angular accelerations were also lower in the dummy than
in the PMHS. Fractures to the head–neck complex were not identified in PMHS tests. Peak cranial angular accelerations were
suggestive of mild traumatic brain injury with potential for loss of consciousness. Findings from this study with a limited
dataset are valuable in establishing response corridors for side impacts and evaluating side impact dummies used in crashworthiness
and safety-engineering studies. |
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Keywords: | Neck forces and moments Lateral impact Head acceleration Biomechanics |
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