Structural birth defects associated with neural tube defects in Hawai'i from 1986 until 2001

Using birth defects registry data, this study identified birth defects associated with anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. Musculoskeletal defects were associated with anencephaly; central nervous system defects, gastrointestinal atresia/stenosis, genitourinary system defects, and musculoskeletal system defects with spina bifida; and central nervous system defects, respiratory defects, oral clefts, genitourinary system defects, and musculoskeletal system defects with encephalocele.