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Chemoprevention of liver cancer by plant polyphenols
Authors:Dimitrios Stagos  Gregorios D. Amoutzias  Antonios Matakos  Argyris Spyrou  Aristides M. Tsatsakis  Dimitrios Kouretas
Affiliation:1. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, Larissa 41221, Greece;2. Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion 71003, Greece
Abstract:
Primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent tumors representing the fifth commonest malignancy worldwide and the third cause of mortality from cancer. Currently, the treatments for HCC are not so effective and new strategies are needed for its fight. Chemoprevention, the use of natural or synthetic chemical agents to reverse, suppress or prevent carcinogenesis is considered an important way for confronting HCC. Many of the chemopreventive agents are phytochemicals, namely non-nutritive plant chemicals with protective or disease preventive properties. In this review, we focus on plant polyphenols, one of the most important classes of phytochemicals, their chemopreventive properties against HCC and discuss the molecular mechanisms accounting for this activity.
Keywords:2-AAF, 2-acetylaminoflourene   AFB(1), aflatoxin B1   AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase   AP-1, activator protein-1   c-JNK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinases1/2   Caffeic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid   CAPE, caffeic acid phenethyl ester   CAV1, caveolin-1   Cdk2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2   COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2   CYP450, cytochrome P450   DEN, diethylnitrosamine   DHPN, N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine   DTD, DT-diaphorase   EGF, epidermal growth factor   EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor   EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate   ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase   FAA, N-2-fluorenylacetamide   FAK, focal adhesion kinase   GADD153, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 153   GGT+, c-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive   GJIC, gap junctional intercellular communication   GPx, glutathione peroxidase   GR, glutathione reductase   GSH, reduced glutathione   GST, glutathione S-transferase   GST-P, glutathione-S-transferase placental form   Hsp70, heat shock protein 70   Hsps, heat shock proteins   HO-1, heme oxygenase-1   HBV, hepatitis B virus   HCV, hepatitis C virus   HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma   HGF, hepatocyte growth factor   HIF-1alpha, hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha   ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule   IL-1, interleukin   IQ, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4-5-f] quinilone   I.P., intraperitoneal   MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase   MDA, malondialdehyde   (MDR)1, multigrug resistance   MMPs, metalloproteinases   MUC1, mucin1   NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase   Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor   NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B   ODC, ornithine decarboxylase   P-gp, P-glycoprotein   P13K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase   PAR, proteinase-activated receptor   PARP, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase   PB, phenobarbital   PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls   PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen   PKC, protein kinase   PHB, prohibitin   PRDX6, peroxiredoxin 6   RKIP, Raf kinase inhibitor protein   ROS, reactive oxygen species   SOD, superoxide dismutase   Spred-1 and -2, sprout-related protein 1   Spred-2, sprout-related protein 2   TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive species   TCTP, translationally controlled tumour protein   TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate   TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand   VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor   VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor   4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1
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