The development and clinical application of microscopic endoscopy for in vivo optical biopsies: Endocytoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Eye Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria;2. Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University Vienna, Austria;3. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria;4. Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Austria;5. Comprehensive Cancer Center - Central Nervous System Tumours Unit, Medical University Vienna, Austria;1. Department Ophthalmology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey;2. Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;1. School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia;2. School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Endoscopies are crucial for detecting and diagnosing diseases in gastroenterology, pulmonology, urology, and other fields. To accurately diagnose diseases, sample biopsies are indispensable and are currently considered the gold standard. However, random 4-quadrant biopsies have sampling errors and time delays. To provide intraoperative real-time microscopic images of suspicious lesions, microscopic endoscopy for in vivo optical biopsy has been developed, including endocytoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy. This article reviews recent advances in technology and clinical applications, as well as their shortcomings and future directions. |
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| Keywords: | endoscopy |
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