Glyphosate and its breakdown product AMPA elicit cytoprotective responses in haemocytes of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy;2. Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka;3. Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, Fano, Italy;4. Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;5. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;6. Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;1. Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG), Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;2. Atlantic Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Atlantic Region Environmental Science Centre, Environment Canada, Corner Morton Ave. & University Ave., Moncton, NB E1A 6S8, Canada;3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;4. National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States;2. Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States;3. IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States;5. Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242;1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA;2. Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;3. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;4. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA;5. Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA;6. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;7. Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA;1. Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;2. Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;3. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt;1. Centre for Wildlife, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India;2. RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK;3. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa;4. Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Opp Lion Gate, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Fort, Mumbai 400 001, Maharashtra, India;5. Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK;1. Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India;2. Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), VishvigyanBhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India;3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India;4. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India |
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| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of glyphosate (GLY) and its metabolite AMPA on cytoprotective and detoxification mechanisms in haemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Cells were treated in vitro with 0.1 and 1.0 µg/L GLY, 0.1 µg/L, 0.1 and 1.0 µg/L AMPA, or two mixtures GLY+AMPA (0.1 µg/L GLY + 0.1 µg/L AMPA, 1.0 µg/L GLY + 1.0 µg/L AMPA). GLY and AMPA increased MXR efflux activity and modulated expression of the ABCB transcript encoding a MXR related ABC transporter P-glycoprotein. The mixtures GLY+AMPA reduced efflux activity with ABCB down-regulation (at 1 µg/L GLY/AMPA). Modulation of lysosomal and immune related transcripts generally agree with known effects of the chemicals on these physiological functions. Given their cumulative action as chemosensitizers of the MXR system, and their interactive effects on haemocyte parameters, glyphosate and AMPA at environmental concentrations should be addressed as a concern factor for the biological vulnerability of marine habitats. |
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| Keywords: | Haemocyte ABC transporters Marine mussels Glyphosate AMPA Multixenobiotic resistance system |
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