经胸乳入路的内镜甲状腺切除术500例

目的探讨经胸乳入路内镜甲状腺手术的技术方法、安全性和优缺点。方法2002年3月至2006年12月行胸乳入路内镜甲状腺切除术500例，其中原发性甲状腺机能亢进（简称甲亢）76例、甲状腺腺瘤111例、结节性甲状腺肿291例（10例有1～2次开放手术史）和甲状腺癌22例。结果成功完成手术492例，手术时间40～270min（平均74．5min）。其中行甲状腺肿瘤切除50例，甲状腺单叶次全切除214例，双叶次全切除212例（含原发性甲亢手术治疗73例）。22例甲状腺癌中，单叶腺体次全切除4例，根治性切除16例，另2例转开放手术。甲状腺肿块长径最大8．0em。术中失血3～250ml（平均5．5m1），未输血。术后2～3d拔除引流管。术后住院时间3～8d（平均4．2d），住院费用为7600～13500元（平均10510元），本院同期开放甲状腺手术患者住院费用平均为5700元，两者差异比较有统计学意义（t=13．755，P〈0．05）。术后并发症方面，术后手术通道出血3例，皮肤灼伤1例，切口感染2例，皮肤淤血3例，皮下积液6例，1例出现甲亢危象，暂时性喉返神经麻痹2例，无神经或甲状旁腺永久性损伤等严重并发症，并发症发生率为3．6％（18／492）。术后随访，失访42例，458例随访3～57个月（中位时间27个月），3例结节性甲状腺肿术后复发小结节，1例原发性甲亢术后复发。患者均对手术的美容效果满意。8例因为出血、腺体过大、甲状腺癌侵犯气管等原因中转为开放手术。22例甲状腺癌目前仍生存，1例甲状腺乳头状癌术后半年出现同侧颈淋巴转移，行开放颈清扫术后已无瘤生存至今3年，并继续随访。结论经胸乳入路内镜甲状腺切除术是一种安全而可行的手术方法，手术视野清晰，显露神经清楚，且具有显著的美容效果。此外，该方法仍有一定的并发症发生率，且费用较开放手术高。因此，本方法有待进一步改进。

Endoscopic thyroidectomy via chest and breasts approach in 500 cases

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the method, the safety, the advantages and disadvantages of endoscopic thyroidectomy via chest and breasts. METHODS: From Mar. 2002 to Dec. 2006, endoscopic thyroidectomy via anterior chest and breast approach was performed in 500 patients, including 76 cases of Grave's disease (1 case had an opened operation history), 111 cases of thyroid adenoma, 291 cases of nodular goiter (10 cases have 1-2 opened thyroidectomy history, 2 cases secondary of hyperthyroidism), and 22 cases of thyroid carcinoma. RESULTS: The endoscopic thyroidectomy was successfully carried out in 492 cases, including tumor enucleation in 50 cases, partial lobectomy in 210 cases, subtotal thyroidectomy in 212 cases (including 73 cases of Graves' disease), and lobectomy in 16 cases of thyroid carcinoma. The operative time length ranged from 40 to 270 min (mean 74.5 min). Mean operative blood loss was 5.5 ml (3-250 ml), no cases underwent blood transfusion. The drainage was taken out in the second or third days postoperatively. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 3 to 8 days (mean 4.2 days). There were some complications including subcutaneous bleeding (3 cases), burn of the epidermal (1 case), inflammation of the incision (2 cases), subcutaneous bruising (3 cases), subcutaneous effusion (6 cases), thyroid crisis (1 case), and temporarily horseless of 2 cases. There were no complications such as permanence damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve or parathyroid glands. The complication rate was 3.6% (18/492). The hospital charges ranged from 7600 to 13,500 RM yuan. The average cost of endoscopic thyroidectomy was 10,510 RM yuan, in contrast to 5700 RM yuan for the open thyroidectomy patiens. The post-operative following-up was 3 to 57 months (mean 27 months). All the patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results and the same curative effects as conventional surgery were obtained. However, 3 cases of nodular goiter, 1 case of thyroid carcinoma, and 1 case of Grave's disease were recurrence. The operations were converted into open surgery in 8 cases. The 22 cases with carcinoma were survival until now. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic thyroidectomy is a safe and effective method of thyroid surgery. Since all the minimal incisions are on concealed parts of the body, the obvious cosmetic effect of this method is guaranteed. Some disadvantages such as complications and more costs are needed to be improve.