Normal values of the ventricular gradient and QRS-T angle,derived from the pediatric electrocardiogram |
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| Authors: | Vivian P. Kamphuis Nico A. Blom Erik W. van Zwet Sumche Man Arend D.J. ten Harkel Arie C. Maan Cees A. Swenne |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands;2. Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands;3. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands;5. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
BackgroundNormal values of the mathematically-synthesized vectorcardiogram (VCG) are lacking for children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess normal values of the pediatric synthesized VCG (spatial QRS-T angle [SA] and ventricular gradient [VG]).MethodsElectrocardiograms (ECGs) of 1263 subjects (0–24?years) with a normal heart were retrospectively selected. VCGs were synthesized by the Kors matrix. Normal values (presented as 2nd and 98th percentiles) were assessed by quantile regression with smoothing by splines.ResultsOur results show that heart rate decreased over age, QRS duration increased and QTc interval remained constant. The SA initially decreased and increased again from the age of 8?years. The VG magnitude was relatively stable until the age of 2?years, after which it increased.ConclusionNormal values of the pediatric ECG and VCG (VG and SA) were established. These normal values could be important for future studies using VG and SA for risk stratification in heart disease in children. |
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| Keywords: | Electrocardiography Vectorcardiography Ventricular gradient QRS-T angle Pediatric Normal values |
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