Youthful habits of work and recreation and later cancer among physicians

Scores on seven factors derived from a Habits of Work and Recreation Survey administered to 1,038 white male medical students 17 to 35 years ago were used to compare students who subsequently developed some form of major cancer with those who did not. With the Type I error rate controlled through use of multivariate analysis of variance and age and smoking ruled out as possible confounding variables, the two groups were significantly differentiated, primarily in terms of intellectual interests—cancer cases having fewer. Students at or below the overall mean on the intellectual interests measure were more than three times as likely to develop cancer as were students with scores above the mean. In this population, the results appear interpretable in terms of the stamina concept, in which few intellectual interests may reflect an absence of stamina and spontaneity and/or failure to meet subcultural expectations—factors possibly associated with increased cancer risk.