Black Light Smokers: How Nicotine Intake and Carcinogen Exposure Differ Across Various Biobehavioral Factors |
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| Authors: | Gideon St.Helen Neal L. Benowitz Jasjit S. Ahluwalia Rachel F. Tyndale Newton Addo Steven E. Gregorich Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable Lisa Sanderson Cox |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;2. Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;3. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;4. Departments of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Medicine, Brown University School of Public Health and Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA;5. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada;6. Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;7. Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA;8. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
ObjectiveThe study objective was to identify biobehavioral variables associated with greater intake of nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen among Black light smokers who smoke 1 to 10 cigarettes per day (CPD).MethodsWe analyzed baseline data collected from 426 Black light smokers enrolled in Kick It at Swope III (KIS III), a smoking cessation trial for Black smokers. We examined differences in concentrations of tobacco biomarkers, including urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanonol (NNAL; a human carcinogen), across gender, age, plasma nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), CPD, and measures of tobacco dependence, including time to first cigarette (TFC), using ANOVA.ResultsTobacco biomarker levels were significantly higher among those who smoked more CPD (6–10 vs 1–5 CPD) and those with greater reported physical dependence on tobacco. Concurrently, those who smoked 1–5 CPD smoked each cigarette more intensely than those who smoked 6–10 CPD. While we found no gender differences overall, among those who smoked 1–5 CPD, women had higher NNAL levels compared to men. The rate of nicotine metabolism, measured by the nicotine metabolite ratio, was not significantly related to TNE or NNAL levels.ConclusionAmong Black Light smokers, higher cigarette consumption and greater physical dependence—but not rate of nicotine metabolism, menthol use, or socioeconomic status—were associated with greater toxicant exposure and thus a likely increased risk of tobacco-related diseases. The lack of data on light smokers, and specifically on Blacks, make this observation important given the disproportionate burden of lung cancer in this population. |
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| Keywords: | Corresponding author. Dr. Gideon St.Helen, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1220, San Francisco, CA. 94143-1220, USA. Black smokers Light smokers Nicotine Carcinogen exposure Correlates of exposure 3-HC 3-hydroxcotinine CPD cigarettes per day COT cotinine FTCD Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NMR nicotine metabolite ratio NNAL 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanol NNK 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanone TFC time to first cigarette TNE total nicotine equivalents |
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