Variation of bone layer thicknesses and trabecular volume fraction in the adult male human calvarium |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA;2. Human Systems Department, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, MD, USA;1. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Baltimore, MD, USA;2. The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA, USA;3. Stanford University School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford, CA, USA;1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;2. St. Joseph''s Hospital, McMaster University, 25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 1Y2, Canada;3. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;1. Beck Radiological Innovations Inc., UMBC Technology Incubator, Suite 2.037, 1450 South Rolling Road, Halethorpe, MD, 21227, USA;2. Synarc Inc., 7707 Gateway Boulevard, Newark, CA, 94560, USA;3. Formerly of Pfizer Inc., 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, USA;4. Formerly of Pfizer Inc., 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, USA;5. Pfizer Inc., 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, USA;6. Pfizer Inc., 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA;1. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;2. NorthWest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;3. Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia;4. Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;1. Division of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Children''s National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA;2. Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Boston Children''s Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Room EN260.1, Boston, MA 02115, USA |
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| Abstract: | 
The human calvarium is a sandwich structure with two dense layers of cortical bone separated by porous cancellous bone. The variation of the three dimensional geometry, including the layer thicknesses and the volume fraction of the cancellous layer across the population, is unavailable in the current literature. This information is of particular importance to mathematical models of the human head used to simulate mechanical response. Although the target geometry for these models is the median geometry of the population, the best attempt so far has been the scaling of a unique geometry based on a few median anthropometric measurements of the head. However, this method does not represent the median geometry.This paper reports the average three dimensional geometry of the calvarium from X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging and layer thickness and trabecular volume fraction from micro CT (μCT) imaging of ten adult male post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS). Skull bone samples have been obtained and μCT imaging was done at a resolution of 30 μm. Monte Carlo simulation was done to estimate the variance in these measurements due to the uncertainty in image segmentation. The layer thickness data has been averaged over areas of 5 mm2. The outer cortical layer was found to be significantly (p < 0.01; Student's t test) thicker than the inner layer (median of thickness ratio 1.68). Although there was significant location to location difference in all the layer thicknesses and volume fraction measurements, there was no trend. Average distribution and the variance of these metrics on the calvarium have been shown. The findings have been reported as colormaps on a 2D projection of the cranial vault. |
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